method for connecting vertical cold water piping submerged to a floating structure and power generat

专利摘要:
OCEANIC THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION PLANT. The present invention relates to a power generation structure on the high seas that comprises a submerged part that has a first deck part comprising an integral multi-stage evaporator system, a second deck part comprising an integral condensing system in multiple stages, a third part of the deck that houses the power generation equipment, the cold water pipe; and a cold water pipe connection.
公开号:BR112012018271B1
申请号:R112012018271-4
申请日:2011-01-21
公开日:2020-11-24
发明作者:Barry R. Cole；Jonathan M. Ross；Andrew Rekret；Henry Sibenaller；William Schulz；Russ Krull；Laurence Jay Shapiro
申请人:The Abell Foundation, Inc.；
IPC主号:

专利说明:

Related Orders
[001] This application claims priority for U.S. provisional application No. Serial 61 / 297,242 filed on January 21, 2010, and U.S. application No. Serial. 12 / 691,655 filed on January 21, 2010, and U.S. Order No. 12 / 691,663 filed on January 21, 2010. The contents of all previous orders are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety for reference. Technical Field
[002] The present invention relates to oceanic thermal energy conversion plants and, more specifically, oceanic thermal energy conversion plants, a multi-stage heating engine, a minimum ground displacement and floating platform. Background
[003] Energy consumption and demand worldwide has grown at an exponential rate. This demand is expected to continue to increase, particularly in developing countries in Asia and Latin America. At the same time, traditional energy sources, that is, fossil fuels, are being depleted at an accelerated rate and the cost of exploring fossil fuels continues to increase. Environmental and regulatory concerns are exacerbating the problem.
[004] Renewable energy related to sunlight is an alternative energy source that can provide part of the solution for the growing demand for energy. Renewable energy related to sunlight is attractive because, unlike fossil fuels, uranium, or even "green" thermal energy, there is little or no climate risk associated with its use. In addition, energy related to sunlight is free and very abundant.
[005] Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion ("OTEC") is a way to produce renewable energy using solar energy stored as heat in tropical oceanic regions. Tropical oceans and seas around the world offer a unique renewable energy resource. In many tropical areas (latitude between about 20 ° north and 20 ° south), the surface seawater temperature remains almost constant. At depths of about 30.48 m (100 feet) of the average seawater surface temperature varies seasonally between 28.88 ° C and 29.44 ° C (75 ° F and 85 ° F) or more. In the same regions, the deep ocean water (between 762 m and 1,208 m (2,500 feet and 4,200 feet) or more) remains almost constant at 4.44 ° C (40 ° F). Thus, the tropical oceanic structure offers a large reservoir of hot water on the surface and a large reservoir of cold water in the depth, with a temperature difference between the hot and cold reservoirs of between 1.66 ° C and 7.22 ° C ( 35 ° F to 45 ° F). This difference in temperature remains almost constant throughout the day and night, with small seasonal changes.
[006] The OTEC process uses the temperature difference between surface and deep tropical waters to drive the thermal motor to produce electrical energy. The generation of OTEC power was identified in the late 1970s as a possible renewable energy source with a low to zero carbon footprint for the energy produced. An OTEC plant, however, has a low thermodynamic efficiency compared to the more traditional plants for generating high temperature and high pressure power. For example, using average surface ocean temperatures between 26.66 ° C and 29.44 ° C (80 ° F and 85 ° F) and a constant deep water temperature of 4.44 ° C (40 ° F) ), the ideal maximum Carnot efficiency of an OTEC power plant will be 7.5 to 8%. In practical operation, the gross power efficiency of an OTEC energy system was estimated to be about half the Carnot limit, or about 3.5 to 4.0%. In addition, the analysis carried out by leading researchers in the 1970s and 1980s, and documented in "Renewable Energy from the Ocean, a Guide to OTEC" William Avery and Wu Chih, Oxford University Press, 1994 (incorporated herein by reference) indicates that between a quarter to half (or more) of the gross electrical power generated by an OTEC plant that operates with an AT of 4.44 ° C (40 ° F) would be necessary to run the water and working fluid pumps and to supply the power to other auxiliary needs of the plant. As a result, the low global net efficiency of an OTEC plant that converts the thermal energy stored in the surface waters of the ocean into liquid electrical energy has not been an option for commercially viable energy production.
[007] An additional factor that results in further reductions in global thermodynamic efficiency and the loss associated with providing necessary controls over the turbine for precise frequency regulation. This introduces pressure losses in the turbine cycle that limit the work that can be extracted from the warm seawater. This low efficiency of OTEC pays off compared to the typical efficiencies of thermal motors operating at high temperatures and pressures led to the hypothesis widely accepted by energy planners that OTEC power is too expensive to compete with more traditional methods of energy production.
[008] Indeed, the parasitic electrical power requirements are particularly important in an OTEC plant, due to the relatively small temperature difference between hot and cold water. To achieve maximum heat transfer between hot sea water and working fluid, and between cold sea water and working fluids, large surface areas of heat exchange are required, along with high fluid speeds. Increasing any of these factors can significantly increase the parasitic load at the OTEC plant, thereby decreasing net efficiency. An efficient heat transfer system that maximizes the energy transfer of the limited temperature differential between sea water and the working fluid would increase the commercial viability of an OTEC plant.
[009] In addition to the relatively low efficiencies with apparently large inherent parasitic loads, the operating environment of OTEC plants presents design and operational challenges that also decrease the commercial viability of such operations. As previously mentioned, the hot water needed for the OTEC thermal motor is found on the surface of the ocean, at a depth of 30.48 m (100 feet) or less. The constant supply of cold water for cooling the OTEC engine is found at a depth of between 822.96 m and 1,280.16 m (2,700 feet and 4,200 feet) or more. Such depths are not normally found in proximity to population centers or even land masses. A plant on the high seas is necessary.
[0010] Whether the plant is floating or attached to a resource below water, a long cold water intake pipe of 609.6 m (2,000 feet) or more is required. In addition, due to the large volume of water needed in commercially viable OTEC operations, the cold water intake pipe requires a large diameter (typically between 1.82 m and 10.66 m (6 and 35 feet) or more). The suspension of a large diameter pipe from an offshore structure presents stability, connection and construction challenges that previously raised OTEC costs beyond commercial viability.
[0011] Additionally, a pipe that has a significant length in relation to the diameter, which is suspended in a dynamic ocean environment, can be subjected to temperature differences and ocean currents that vary along the length of the pipe. The stresses resulting from bending and the vortex path along the pipe also present the challenges. And surface influences, such as wave action, present additional challenges with the connection between piping and the floating platform. A cold water pipe intake system that has the desired performance, connection and construction consideration would increase the commercial viability of an OTEC plant.
[0012] Environmental concerns associated with an OTEC plant have also been an impediment to OTEC operations. Traditional OTEC systems attract large volumes of nutrient-rich cold water from the ocean depths and discharge that water at or near the surface. This discharge can affect, in a positive or negative way, the ocean environment near the OTEC plant, causing an impact on fish populations and reef systems that may be in the current of the OTEC discharge. Summary
[0013] The aspects of the present invention are directed to a power generation plant that uses the processes of conversion of thermal energy.
[0014] Additional aspects of the invention refer to an offshore OTEC plant that has improved overall efficiencies with reduced parasitic loads, greater stability, lower construction and operating costs and improved environmental coverage area. Other aspects include the large volume water conduits that are integral to the floating structure. The modularity and segregation of OTEC heating engine components in multiple stages reduces construction and maintenance costs, limits off-grid operation and improves operational performance. Still other aspects present a floating platform that has integrated heat exchange compartments and presents the minimum movement of the platform due to the action of the waves. The integrated floating platform can also present the efficient flow of hot water or cold water through the heat exchanger in multiple stages, increasing efficiency and reducing the demand for parasitic power. Aspects of the invention can promote an area of environmental neutral thermal cover by the discharge of hot and cold water in appropriate ranges of depth / temperature. The energy extracted in the form of electricity reduces the temperature in large quantities to the ocean.
[0015] The still further aspects of the invention refer to a cold water pipe for use with an OTEC installation, the cold water pipe which is a pipe still in a displaced stave.
[0016] One aspect refers to a pipe that comprises an elongated tubular structure that has an outer surface, a top end and a bottom end. The tubular structure comprises a plurality of first and second segments in the stave, each segment of the stave has a top part and a bottom part, wherein the top part of the second segment of the stave is displaced in relation to the top part of the first stave segment.
[0017] An additional aspect concerns a pipe which comprises a tape or a row at least partially wrapped around the pipe on the outer surface of the tubular structure. The ribbon or row can be wrapped circumferentially around the outer surface of the top of the pipe, the middle part of the pipe, or the bottom of the pipe. The ribbon or row can be wrapped circumferentially around the entire pipe length. The ribbon or row can be fixed so that they are substantially flat against the outer surface of the pipe. The ribbon or row can be fixed so that it projects outwardly from the outer surface of the pipe. The tape or row can be produced from the same or different material from the pipe. The tape or row can be adhesive-bonded to the outer surface of the pipe, mechanically bonded to the outer surface of the pipe, or used in combination with the mechanical and adhesive bonds to secure the outer surface of the pipe.
[0018] Additional aspects of the invention relate to a pipe in a stave on the high seas, in which each segment of the stave additionally comprises a tongue on a first side and a groove on a second side for coupling coupling with an adjacent segment of the stave . Offshore stave piping may include a positive locking system for mechanically coupling a first side of a stave to a second side of a second stave. The stave can be joined vertically from the top part of a stave to the bottom part of an adjacent stave using claws. In an alternative embodiment, the top part of a stave and the bottom part of a stave can include a connection gap, so that when the top part of a first stave is joined to the bottom part of a second stave, the connecting empty spaces aligned. A flexible design can be injected into the aligned joint empty spaces. O A flexible design can be used to fill the gaps on any joined surfaces. In aspects of the invention, the flexible design is a methacrylate adhesive.
[0019] The individual staves of the present invention can be of any length. In aspects, the stave segment is between 6.09 m (20 feet) and 27.43 m (90 feet) measured from the bottom to the top of the stave. Stave segments can be sized to be shipped by standard intermodal container. The individual stave segments can be 25.4 cm (10 inches) and 203.2 cm (80 inches) wide. Each segment of the stave can have a thickness between 2.54 cm (1 inch) and 60.96 cm (24 inches).
[0020] In aspects of the invention the segments of the stave can be pultred, extruded or molded. The stave segments may comprise polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyvinyl chloride (CPVC), fiber reinforced plastic (FRP), reinforced polymer cement (RPMP), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), high polyethylene cross-linked density (PEX), polybutylene (PB), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS); polyester, fiber reinforced polyester, vinyl ester, reformed vinyl ester, concrete, ceramic or a composite of one or more of them.
[0021] In the further aspects of the invention, a segment of stave may comprise at least one internal void space. Then, at least one void space can be filled with water, polycarbonate foam or synthetic foam.
[0022] In aspects of the invention, the cold water intake pipe and tubing for an OTEC plant.
[0023] An additional aspect of the invention relates to a power generation structure on the high seas that comprises a submerged part, a submerged part additionally comprises: a heat exchange part; a part of power generation; and a cold water pipe comprising a plurality of displacement of the first and second segments of the stave.
[0024] Yet another aspect of the invention relates to a method for the formation of a cold water pipe for use in an OTEC plant, the method comprises: the formation of a plurality of first and second segments of the stave that join the first and second alternating stave segments, so that the second stave segment is displaced from the first stave segment to form an elongated tube continue.
[0025] A further aspect of the invention relates to a submerged vertical pipe connection comprising: a floating structure having a vertical pipe receiving compartment, wherein the receiving compartment has a first diameter; a vertical pipe for insertion into the pipe receiving compartment, the vertical pipe having a second diameter smaller than the first diameter of the pipe receiving compartment; a partially spherical or arched bearing surface; and one or more detectors, pinions or movable tabs operable with the bearing surface, wherein the detectors define a diameter that is different from the first or second diameter when in contact with the bearing surface.
[0026] A further aspect of the invention relates to a method for connecting a submerged vertical pipe to a floating platform comprising: a floating structure that has a vertical pipe receiving compartment, wherein the pipe receiving compartment has a first diameter, which provides a vertical pipe which has a top end part which has a second diameter which is smaller than the first diameter; inserting the top end portion of the vertical pipe into the receiving compartment; which provides a bearing surface to support the vertical pipe; which extends one or more holders, so that one or more holders has a diameter that is different from the first or second diameter; which is in contact with one or more holders with the bearing surface to suspend the vertical piping of the floating structure.
[0027] In aspects of the invention one or more holders may be integral to the vertical pipe. One or more holders may be integral to the receiving compartment. One or more holders comprise a first retracted position that defines a smaller diameter than the first diameter. One or more holders comprise an extended position that defines a diameter larger than the first diameter. A bearing surface is integral with the piping receiving compartment and operable with one or more detectors. The bearing surface may comprise a spherical bearing surface. One or more detectors additionally comprise a coupling surface configured to contact the surface. One or more holders additionally comprise a coupling surface configured to contact the spherical bearing surface. The spherical bearing surface and the coupling surface facilitate relative movement between the vertical piping and the floating structure.
[0028] In still additional aspects, one or more holders comprise a first retracted position that defines a diameter larger than the second diameter. One or more holders comprise an extended position that defines a diameter smaller than the second diameter. A bearing surface is integral to the vertical pipe and is operable with one or more detectors.
[0029] Aspects may include a drive to extend or retrain the holders, the drive which is a hydraulically controlled drive, a pneumatically controlled drive, a mechanically controlled drive, an electrically controlled drive or a drive electromechanically controlled.
[0030] Additional aspects may include a piping receiving compartment which includes a first angled pipe coupling surface and a vertical pipe comprising the second angled pipe coupling surface, where the first and second coupling surfaces angled pipe lines are configured to cooperatively guide vertical pipe during vertical pipe insertion into the pipe receiving compartment.
[0031] In still additional aspects, a static interface between the cold water piping and the lower part of the cylindrical body is provided that comprises a receiving compartment that has a conical bottom surface and a contact pad for the coupling sealed with It is a conical collar superffeie of a cold water pipe.
[0032] In an exemplary method for connecting a cold water pipe to a lower part of a cylindrical body, the method provides the steps that comprise: connecting the lifting and retaining cables to an upper part of a water pipe cold, wherein the upper part of the cold water pipe comprises an insulation collar having a conical connection surface; attract the cold water piping into a cylindrical body receiving compartment using the lifting and holding cables, where the receiving compartment comprises a conical surface for receiving the upper part of the cold water pipe and a water cushion contact; make the conical connection surface of the cold water pipe contact in a sealed manner with the contact pad of the receiving compartment; and mechanically fixing the bonding cables to maintain contact in a sealed manner between the connecting surface and the contact pad.
[0033] In yet an additional aspect, a cold water pipe is provided for the static connection to the bottom of a cylindrical body, wherein the cold water pipe comprises a first longitudinal part and a second longitudinal part; the first longitudinal part which is connected to the lower part of the cylindrical body and the second longitudinal part which is more flexible than the first longitudinal part. In some aspect, a third longitudinal part can be included in the cold water pipe which is less flexible than the second longitudinal part. The third longitudinal part can be more flexible than the first longitudinal part. The third longitudinal part can comprise 50% or more of the length of the cold water pipe. The first longitudinal portion may comprise 10% or less of the length of the cold water pipe. The second longitudinal part can comprise between 1% and 30% of the length of the cold water pipe. The second longitudinal part can allow the deflection of the third longitudinal part of the cold water pipe between 0.5 degrees and 30 degrees.
[0034] Additional aspects of the invention refer to a floating, minimally detached OTEC plant that has an optimized multi-stage heat exchange system, in which the hot and cold water supply ducts and the heat exchanges are structurally integrated into the plant's floating platform or structure.
[0035] Additional aspects include a floating ocean thermal power plant. A minimum displacement structure of the ground, such as the cylindrical body, or modified semi-submerged deep-sea structure can comprise a first part of decks that have structurally integral hot water passages, the heat exchange surfaces in multiple stages, and the working fluid passages, where the first deck part provides evaporation of the working fluid. A second deck part is also provided, which has structurally cold whole sea water passages, multi-stage heat exchange surfaces, and working fluid passages, where the second deck part provides a condensation system to condense the working fluid from a vapor to a liquid. The first and second passages of the deck working fluid are in communication with a third part of the deck comprising one or more electric generators driven by steam turbines for power generation.
[0036] In one aspect, a power generation structure on the high seas is provided that comprises a submerged part. The submerged part further comprises a first deck part which comprises an integral multi-stage evaporator system, a second deck part which comprises an integral multi-stage condensation system; a third part of decks that houses the power generation and transformation equipment; a cold water pipe and a cold water pipe connection.
[0037] In another aspect, the first deck part additionally comprises a first structural hot water passage in stages that forms a high volume hot water conduit. The first deck part also comprises a first stage working fluid passage arranged in cooperation with the first structural hot water passage in stages to heat a working fluid to a steam. The first deck part also comprises a first stage hot water discharge directly coupled to a second stage hot water structural passage. The second structural passage of hot water in stages forms a high volume hot water conduit and comprises a second inlet of hot water in stages coupled to the first discharge of hot water in stages. The arrangement of the first discharge of hot water in stages to the second admission of hot water in stages provides the minimum pressure loss in the flow of hot water between the first and the second stage. The first deck part also comprises a second stage working fluid passage arranged in cooperation with the second structural hot water passage in stages to heat the working fluid to a steam. The first part of the deck also comprises a second discharge of hot water in stages.
[0038] In another aspect, the submerged part additionally comprises a second part of decks which comprises a first structural passage of cold water in stages that forms a high volume cold water conduit. The first passage of cold water in stages additionally comprises a first intake of cold water in stages. The second deck part also comprises a first passage of working fluid in stages in communication with the first passage of working fluid in stages of the first deck part. The first passage of working fluid in stages of the second part of decks in cooperation with the first structural passage of cold water in stages cools the working fluid into a liquid. The second deck part also comprises a first stage cold water discharge directly coupled to a second structural stage cold water passage that forms a high volume cold water conduit. The second structural passage of cold water in stages comprises a second intake of cold water in stages. The first stage cold water discharge and the second stage cold water intake are arranged to provide the minimum pressure loss in the cold water flow from the first stage cold water discharge to the second stage cold water intake. The second deck part also comprises a second passage of working fluid in stages in communication with the second passage of working fluid in stages of the first deck part. The second passage of working fluid in stages in cooperation with the second structural passage of cold water in stages cools the working fluid within the second passage of working fluid in stages to a liquid. The second deck part also comprises a second stage cold water discharge.
[0039] In another aspect, the third deck part may comprise a first and a second steam turbine, wherein the first passage of working fluid in stages of the first deck part is in communication with the first turbine and the second passage of working fluid in stages of the first part of the deck is in communication with the second turbine. The first and second turbines can be coupled to one or more electric generators.
[0040] In still additional aspects, a power generation structure on the high seas is provided that comprises a submerged part, the submerged part additionally comprises a four stage evaporator part, a four stage condenser part, a generation part of four stage power, a connection of cold water pipe and a pipe of cold water.
[0041] In one aspect, the four stage evaporator part comprises a hot water conduit that includes a first stage heat exchange surface, a second stage heat exchange surface, a third heat exchange surface in stages and a fourth stage of heat exchange in stages. The hot water conduit comprises a vertical structural member of a submerged part. The first, the second, the third and the fourth heat exchange surface are in cooperation with the first, the second, the third and the fourth part in stages of a working fluid conduit, in which a working fluid flows through the working fluid conduit and heated to a steam in each of the first, second, third and fourth parts in stages.
[0042] In one aspect, the four stage condenser part comprises a cold water conduit that includes a first stage heat exchange surface, a second stage heat exchange surface, a third heat exchange surface in stages and a fourth stage of heat exchange in stages. The cold water conduit comprises a vertical structural member of the submerged part. The first, the second, the third and the fourth heat exchange surface are in cooperation with the first, the second, the third and the fourth part in stages of a working fluid conduit, in which a working fluid flows through the working fluid conduit and heated to a steam in each of the first, second, third and fourth parts in stages, with a lower AT in each successive stage.
[0043] In yet another aspect, the first, second, third and fourth conduits of working fluid in stages of the evaporating part are in communication with a first, second, third and fourth steam turbine, in which the first fluid conduit working stage in the evaporating part is in communication with a first steam turbine and escapes to the fourth working fluid conduit in stages of the condenser part.
[0044] In yet another aspect, the first, second, third and fourth working fluid conduits in stages of the evaporating part are in communication with a first, second, third and fourth steam turbine, in which the second fluid conduit working stage of the evaporating part is in communication with a second steam turbine and escapes to the third working fluid conduit in stages of the condenser part.
[0045] In yet another aspect, the first, second, third and fourth conduits of working fluid in stages of the evaporating part are in communication with a first, second, third and fourth steam turbine, in which the third fluid conduit working stage in the evaporating part is in communication with a third steam turbine and escapes to the second working fluid conduit in stages of the condenser part.
[0046] In yet another aspect, the first, second, third and fourth conduits of working fluid in stages of the evaporating part are in communication with a first, second, third and fourth steam turbine, in which the fourth fluid conduit working stage in the evaporating part is in communication with a fourth steam turbine and escapes to the first working fluid conduit in stages of the condenser part.
[0047] In yet an additional aspect, a first electric generator is driven by the first turbine, by the fourth turbine, or by a combination of the first and the fourth turbine.
[0048] In yet an additional aspect, a second electric generator is driven by the second turbine, the third turbine, or a combination of both the second and third turbines.
[0049] The additional aspects of the INVENTION may incorporate one or more of the following characteristics: the first and fourth turbines or the second and third turbines produce between 9MW and 60MW of electrical power; the first and second turbines produce approximately 55MW of electrical power; the first and second turbines of one of a plurality of turbo generator sets in an ocean thermal power plant; the first intake of hot water in stages is free of interference from the second discharge of cold water in stages; the first intake of cold water in stages is free of interference from the second discharge of hot water in stages; the working fluid within the first or second stage working fluid passage comprises a commercial refrigerant. The working fluid comprises ammonia, prolylene, butane, R-134, or R-22; the working fluid in the first and second passages of working fluid in stages increases in temperature between -11.11 ° C (12 ° F) and -4.44 ° C (24 ° F); a first working fluid flows through the first stage working fluid passage and a second working fluid flows through the second stage working fluid passage, where the second working fluid enters the second steam turbine at a temperature lower than the first working fluid enters the first steam turbine; the working fluid in the first and second passages of working fluid in stages decreases in temperature between -11.11 ° C (12 ° F) and -4.44 ° C (24 ° F); a first working fluid flows through the first stage working fluid passage and a second working fluid flows through the second stage working fluid passage, where the second working fluid enters the second deck part at a temperature lower than the first working fluid enters the second deck part.
[0050] The additional aspects of the invention may also incorporate one or more of the features presented below: the warm water that flows within the first or second structural passage of hot water in stages comprises: hot sea water, hot water from geothermally, reservoir water heated by sunlight, heated industrial cooling water, or a combination thereof; hot water flows between 1,892,706 liters / minute and 2,271 x107 liters / minute (500,000 and 6,000,000 gpm); hot water flows at 2.059x107 liters / minute (5,440,000 gpm); hot water flows between 147,867.6 liters / minute and 492,892.2 liters / minute (300,000,000 Ib / h and 1,000,000,000 Ib / h); hot water flows at 1340.667 liters / minute (2,720,000 Ib / h); cold water flowing within the first or second structural cold water passage in stages comprises: cold sea water, fresh water, cold ground water or a combination thereof; cold water flows between 94,635.29 liters / minute and 1,135x107 liters / minute (250,000 and 3,000,000 gpm); cold water flows at 1.294x107 liters / minute (3,420,000 gpm); cold water flows between 61,611.52 liters / minute and 86.2561.3 liters / minute (125,000,000 Ib / h and 1,750,000,000 Ib / h); cold water flows at 842.845 liters / minute (1,710,000 Ib / h).
[0051] Aspects of the invention may also incorporate one or more of the features presented below: the structure at sea and a minimum displacement structure of the ground; the structure at sea and a floating cylindrical body structure; the structure at sea and a semi-submerged structure.
[0052] An even further aspect of the invention may include a high-volume, low-speed heat exchange system for use in an oceanic thermal power plant, comprising: a first stage enclosure that additionally comprises a first passage water flow for heat exchange with a working fluid; and a first passage of working fluid; and a second stage cabinet coupled to the first stage cabinet, which additionally comprises a second water flow passage for heat exchange with a working fluid and the first water flow passage is coupled in a way to minimize the fall of pressure of water flowing from the first water flow passage to the second water flow passage; and a second passage of working fluid. The first and second stage cabinets comprise the structural members of the plant.
[0053] In one aspect, water flows from the first stage cabinet to the second stage stage and the second stage stage is below the first stage stage on the evaporator. In another aspect, water flows from the first stage enclosure to the second stage enclosure and the second stage enclosure is above the first stage enclosure in the condensers and below the first enclosure stage in the evaporators.
[0054] The aspects of the invention may have one or more of the advantages presented below: a continuous pipe of cold water in a displaced stave is lighter than the construction of segmented pipe; a continuous pipe of cold water in a displaced stave has less friction losses than a segmented pipe; individual staves can be dimensioned for easy transport to the OTEC plant operational site; the staves can be constructed with the desired buoyancy characteristics; the production of OTEC power requires little to no fuel cost for the production of energy; the low pressures and low temperatures involved in the OTEC thermal motor reduce component costs and require common materials compared to exotic and high-cost materials used in high pressure and high temperature power generation plants; the plant's reliability and comparable to commercial refrigeration systems, which operate continuously for several years without significant maintenance; reduced construction times compared to high pressure and high temperature plants, and environmentally safe operation and production of energy. Additional advantages may include: increased net efficiency over traditional OTEC systems; lower electric sacrificial charges; reduced pressure loss in hot and cold water passages; modular components, the less frequent autonomous production time; minimum displacement of the soil and reduced susceptibility to wave action; discharge of cooling water below surface levels; admission of warm water free from interference from cold water discharge ;.
[0055] The details of one or more modalities of the invention are demonstrated in the attached drawings and in the Description below. Other characteristics, objectives and advantages of the invention will be evident from the DESCRIPTION and drawings, and from the claims. Brief Description of Drawings
[0056] Figure 1 illustrates an exemplary prior art OTEC thermal engine; Figure 2 illustrates an exemplary prior art OTEC plant; Figure 3 illustrates the OTEC structure of the present invention; Figure 3A illustrates the OTEC structure of the present invention; Figure 4 illustrates an offshore stave pipe of an OTEC structure of the present invention; Figure 5 illustrates a detailed image of a displaced stave pattern of the present invention; Figure 6 illustrates a cross-sectional view of a cold water tub in displaced stave of the present invention; Figures 7A to C illustrate various views of individual staves of the present invention; Figure 8 illustrates a tongue and groove arrangement of an individual stave of the present invention; Figure 9 illustrates a positive pressure closure between the two staves of the present invention; Figure 10 illustrates a cold water pipe in displaced stave that incorporates a reinforcement row of the present invention; Figure 11 illustrates a method of constructing cold water pipe of the present invention; Figure 12 illustrates an example of prior art of a support pipe connection; Figure 13 illustrates a cold water pipe connection of the present invention; 14 illustrates a cold water pipe connection of the present invention; Figure 15 illustrates a cold water pipe connection method of the present invention; Figure 16 illustrates a cold water pipe connection with a flexible cold water pipe of the present invention; Figure 17 illustrates a cold water pipe connection of the present invention; Figure 18 illustrates a cold water pipe with an ipamento collar of the present invention; Figure 19 illustrates a cross-sectional view of an aspect of the present invention. Figure 20 illustrates a deck piano of a heat exchanger deck of the present invention; Figure 21 illustrates a cabinet heat exchanger of the present invention; Figure 22A illustrates a cycle conventional heat exchange; Figure 22B illustrates a progressive multi-stage heat exchange cycle; Figure 22C illustrates a progressive multi-stage hybrid heat exchange cycle; Figure 22D illustrates an evaporator pressure drop and production associated power; Figures 23A-B illustrate an OTEC thermal motor exemplifying the present invention.
[0057] Similar referral symbols in the various drawings indicate the same elements except where otherwise indicated. Detailed Description
[0058] The invention relates to a generation of electrical power using Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) technology. Aspects of the invention refer to a floating OTEC plant in which it has improved overall efficiencies with reduced parasitic loads, greater stability, lower construction and operating costs and the improved environmental coverage area over previous OTEC plants. Other aspects include large volume water pipes that are integral to the floating structure. The modularity and segregation of OTEC heating engine components in multiple stages reduces construction and maintenance costs, limits off-grid operation and improves operational performance. Still other aspects present a floating platform that has integrated heat exchange compartments and presents the minimum movement of the platform due to the action of the waves. The integrated floating platform can also present the efficient flow of hot or cold water through the heat exchanger in multiple stages, increasing efficiency and reducing the demand for parasitic power. Aspects of the invention can promote a neutral thermal coverage area by discharging hot and cold water in appropriate ranges of depth / temperature. The energy extracted in the form of electricity reduces the temperature in large quantities to the ocean.
[0059] OTEC is a process © that uses thermal energy from the sun that is stored in Earth's oceans to generate electricity. OTEC uses the temperature difference between the warmest top layer in the ocean and the coldest deep water in the ocean. Typically, this difference is at least 2.22 ° C (36 ° F). These conditions exist in tropical areas, approximately between the Tropic of Capricorn and the Tropic of Cancer, or up to 20 ° north and south latitude. The OTEC process uses the temperature difference to feed a Rankine cycle, with hot surface water that serves as the heat source and cold deep water that serves as the heat sink. Rankine cycle turbines drive generators that produce electrical power.
[0060] Figure 1 illustrates a typical OTEC 10 Rankine cycle thermal engine that includes the hot water inlet from the sea 12, the evaporator 14, the hot water outlet from the sea 15, the turbine 16, the cold water inlet. from sea 18, the condenser 20, the cold water outlet from sea 21, the working fluid conduit 22 and the working fluid pump 24.
[0061] In operation, the thermal motor 10 can use any of numerous working fluids, for example, commercial refrigerants, such as ammonia. Other working fluids may include prolylene, butane, R-22 and R-134a. Other commercial refrigerants can be used. Hot sea water between approximately 28.88 ° C and 29.44 ° C (75 ° F and 85 ° F) or more, is removed from the ocean surface or just below the ocean surface through the hot water inlet. March 12 and, in turn, heats the ammonia working fluid that passes through the evaporator 14. The ammonia boils at a vapor pressure of approximately 9.3 atm. The steam is transported along the working fluid conduit 22 to the turbine 16. The ammonia vapor expands as it passes through the turbine 16, producing power to drive an electric generator 25. Then, the ammonia vapor enters the condenser 20 where it is cooled to a liquid by the cold sea water extracted from a great depth of the ocean of approximately 914.4 m (3,000 feet). Cold seawater enters the condenser at a temperature of approximately 4.44 ° C (40 ° F). The vapor pressure of the ammonia working fluid at the temperature in the condenser 20, approximately 10.55 ° C (51 ° F), is 6.1 atm. Thus, a significant pressure difference is available to drive turbine 16 and generate electrical power. As the ammonia working fluid condenses, the working fluid is pumped back to the evaporator 14 by the working fluid pump 24 through the working fluid conduit 22.
[0062] The thermal engine 10 in figure 1 is essentially the same as the Rankine cycle of most turbines, except that OTEC differs through the use of different working fluids and lower temperatures and pressures. The thermal motor 10 in figure 1 is also similar to commercial refrigeration plants, except that the OTEC cycle runs in the opposite direction, so that the heat source (for example, hot ocean water) is a heatsink Cold heat (eg, deep ocean water) is used to produce electrical power.
[0063] Figure 2 illustrates the typical components of a floating OTEC 200 installation, which include: the vessel or platform210, the hot water inlet 212, the hot water pump 213, the evaporator 214, the outlet of hot sea water 215, turbine generator 216, cold water pipe 217, cold sea water inlet 218, cold water pump 219, condenser 220, cold sea water outlet 221, the conduit working fluid 22, working fluid pump 224 and piping connections 230. The OTEC 200 installation can also include electrical generation, transformer and transmission systems, position control systems, such as propulsion, impulse or mooring systems, as well as various auxiliary and support systems (for example, team accommodation, emergency power, drinking water, waste water or household water, fire fighting) , damage control, buoyancy reserve, and other systems marine or ships).
[0064] The implementations of OTEC plants that use the basic thermal engine and the system of figures 1 and 2 have a relatively low overall efficiency of 3% or below. Due to this low thermal efficiency, OTEC operations require the flow of large amounts of water through the power system per kilowatt of generated power. This in turn requires large heat exchangers that have large surface areas for heat exchange in the evaporator and condensers.
[0065] Such large volumes of water and large surface areas require considerable pumping capacity at the hot water pump 213 and at the cold water pump 219, reducing the net electrical power available for distribution to a land-based installation or to industrial purposes on board. In addition, the limited space of most surface vessels does not easily facilitate the large volumes of water directed to and flowing through the evaporator or condenser. In fact, large volumes of water require large diameter conduits and tubulapbes. The positioning of such structures in limited space requires multiple flexions to accommodate other machinery. And the limited space of vessels or typical surface structures does not facilitate the large heat exchange surface area needed for maximum efficiency in an OTEC plant. Thus, OTEC systems and the ship or platform are traditionally large and costly. This has led to a conclusion in the industry that OTEC operations are a low-energy, high-cost production option when compared to other energy production options that use higher temperatures and pressures.
[0066] The aspects of the invention address the technical challenges in order to improve the efficiency of OTEC operations and reduce the cost of construction and operation.
[0067] The vessel or platform 210 requires small movements to minimize the dynamic forces between the cold water pipe 217 and the vessel or platform 210 and to provide a safe operating environment for the OTEC equipment on the platform or vessel. The vessel or platform 210 must also support the volume flows from the cold and hot water inlet (218 and 212), taking enough cold and hot water at the appropriate levels to guarantee the efficiency of the OTEC process. The vessel or platform 210 must also allow the discharge of cold and hot water through the cold and hot water outlets (221 and 215) far below the water line of the vessel or platform 210 to prevent thermal recirculation in the water layer. surface of the ocean. Additionally, the vessel or platform 210 must withstand bad weather conditions without destabilizing the power generation operations.
[0068] The OTEC 10 thermal motor must use a highly efficient thermal cycle for maximum efficiency and power output. The heat transfer in the boiling and condensation processes, as well as the materials and the design of the heat exchanger, limit the amount of energy that can be extracted from each weight of cold seawater. The heat exchangers used in the evaporator 214 and condenser 220 require high volumes of hot and cold water flow with low pressure drop to minimize parasitic loads. Heat exchangers also require high heat transfer coefficients to improve efficiency. The heat exchangers can incorporate the material and the design that can be adapted to the inlet temperatures of hot and cold water to accentuate efficiency. The heat exchanger design must use a simple construction method with minimal amounts of material to reduce cost and volume.
[0069] The 216 turbo generators must be highly efficient with minimal internal losses and can also be adapted to the working fluid to improve efficiency
[0070] Figure 3 illustrates an implementation of the present invention that improves the efficiency of previous OTEC plants and overcomes many of the technical challenges associated with them. This implementation comprises a cylindrical body for the vessel or platform, with heat exchangers and hot and cold water piping associated integrally with the bar.
[0071] The OTEC 310 cylindrical body houses an integral heat exchange system in multiple stages for use with a power generation OTEC plant. The cylindrical body 310 includes a submerged part 311 below the water line 305. The submerged part 311 comprises the hot water intake part 340, the evaporating part 344, the hot water discharge part 346, the condenser part 348 , the cold water intake part 350, the cold water pipe 351, the cold water discharge part 352, the deck part of the machinery 354. A deck housing 360 is defined on top of the cylindrical body that houses the substation electrical, auxiliary and emergency systems and machinery, boat handling equipment and filled spaces, such as the office, the accommodation, the communication center and the control rooms.
[0072] Figure 3A illustrates an exemplary layout of the machinery of the present invention, including the hot water intake part 340, the hot water pump room 341, the stacked evaporative part 344, the turbine generator 349, the stacked condenser 348, the cold water intake part 350 and the cold water pump room 351.
[0073] In operation, warm sea water between 28.88 ° C and 29.44 ° C (75 ° F and 85 ° F) is extracted through the hot water intake part 340 and flows down the body cylindrical through structurally integral integral hot water ducts not shown. Due to the high volume water flow requirements of OTEC thermal motors, the hot water pipes direct the flow to the evaporating part 344 of between 500,000 gpm and 6,000,000 gpm. Such hot water conduits have a diameter of between 1.82 m and 10.66 m (6 feet and 35 feet), or more. Due to this size, the hot water conduits are vertical structural members of the cylindrical body 310. The hot water conduits can be pipes of large diameter of sufficient strength to support the cylindrical body 310 vertically. Alternatively, the hot water conduits integral passages may be the construction of the cylindrical body 310.
[0074] The hot water then flows through the evaporating part 344 which houses one or more heat exchangers in multiple stacked stages to heat a working fluid to a steam. Hot sea water is then discharged from the cylindrical body 310 through a hot water flush 346. The hot water flush can be located or directed through a hot water flush pipe at or near a depth of an oceanic thermal layer that has approximately the same temperature as the hot water discharge temperature to minimize environmental impacts. The discharge of hot water can be directed to a depth to ensure no thermal recirculation with both the intake of hot water and the intake of cold water.
[0075] Cold sea water is removed from a depth of between 762 m and 1,280.16 m (2,500 feet and 4,200 feet), or more, at a temperature of approximately 4.44 ° C (40 ° F) through of cold water pipe 351. Cold sea water enters the cylindrical body 310 through the cold water intake part 350. Due to the high volume requirements of OTEC thermal motors, the cold sea water pipes direct the flow to the condenser part 348 of between 1,892,706 liters / minute and 1,324x107 liters / minute (500,000 gpm and 3,500,000 gpm). Such cold sea water pipes have a diameter of between 1.82 m and 10.66 m (6 feet and 35 feet), or more. Due to this size, the cold sea water pipes are vertical structural members of the cylindrical body 310. The cold water pipes can be pipes with a large diameter of sufficient strength to support the 310 cylindrical body vertically. Alternatively, the water pipes cold water can be integral passages to the construction of the cylindrical body 310.
[0076] Cold sea water then flows upwards to the condenser part stacked in multiple stages 348, where cold sea water cools a working fluid into a liquid. Cold seawater is then discharged from the cylindrical body 310 through a cold seawater discharge 352. The cold water discharge can be located or directed through a cold seawater discharge pipe at a depth it gives or is close to an oceanic thermal layer that has approximately the same temperature as the temperature of the discharge of cold seawater. The discharge of cold water can be directed to a depth to ensure no thermal recirculation with both the admission of hot water and the admission of cold water.
[0077] The deck part of machinery 354 can be positioned vertically between evaporator part 344 and condenser part 348. Positioning the deck part of machinery 354 below evaporator part 344 allows the flow of hot water in line almost straight from the intake, through the evaporators in multiple stages, and for the discharge. The positioning part of the deck of machinery 354 above part of condenser 348 allows the flow of cold water in an almost straight line from the intake, through the evaporators in multiple stages, and for the discharge. The deck part of the 354 machine includes the 356 turbo generators. In operation, the hot working fluid heated to a steam from the evaporating part 344 flows to one or more 356 turbo generators. The working fluid expands in the 356 turbo generator thus activating a turbine for the production of electrical power. Then, the working fluid flows to the condenser part 348 where it is cooled to an Ifquido and pumped to the evaporator part 344.
[0078] The performance of heat exchangers is affected by the temperature difference available between fluids, as well as the heat transfer coefficient on the surfaces of the heat exchanger. The heat transfer coefficient, in general, varies with the speed of the fluid across the heat transfer surfaces. Higher fluid speeds require higher pumping power, thereby reducing the plant's net efficiency. A hybrid and progressive multi-stage heat exchange system facilitates lower fluid speeds and higher plant efficiencies. The stacked hybrid and progressive heat exchange design also facilitates lower pressure drops through the heat exchanger. And the design of the vertical plant facilitates lower pressure drop across the entire system. A hybrid and progressive multi-stage heat exchange system is described in US patent application No. 12 / 691,663 (attorney registration No. 25667- 0004001 ), entitled "Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Plant," deposited on January 21, 2010, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. Cold Aqua Pipe
[0079] As described above, OTEC operations require a source of cold water at a constant temperature. Variances in water cooling can greatly influence the overall efficiency of the OTEC plant. Thus, the water at approximately 4.44 ° C (40 ° F) is removed from depths between 822.96 m (2,700 feet) and 1,280.16 m (4,200 feet) or more. A long intake pipe is necessary to extract this cold water to the surface for use by the OTEC plant. Such cold water pipes have been an obstacle to commercially viable OTEC operations, due to the cost of constructing a pipe of adequate performance and durability.
[0080] Such cold water pipes have been an obstacle for commercially viable OTEC operations, due to the cost of building a pipe of adequate performance and durability. OTEC operations require large volumes of water at desired temperatures in order to guarantee maximum efficiency in the generation of electrical power. Previous cold water pipe designs specific to OTEC operations include a sectional construction. The cylindrical pipe sections were screwed or mechanically joined in series until a sufficient length was reached. The pipe sections were assembled next to the plant's installation and the fully constructed pipe was then raised and installed. This approach has significant disadvantages that include stress and fatigue at the points of connection between the pipe sections. In addition, the physical connection components added to the overall weight of the pipe, which further complicates stress considerations and fatigue in connections of pipe separation and the connection between a fully assembled CWP and the OTEC platform or vessel.
[0081] Cold water tubing ("CWP") is used to remove water from the cold water reservoir at an ocean depth of between 822.96 m (2,700 feet) and 1,280.16 m (4,200 feet) or more . Cold water is used to cool and condense to a liquid the gaseous working fluid that arises from the plant's turbine. The CWP and its connection to the vessel or platform are configured to withstand the static and dynamic loads imposed by the weight of the pipe, the relative movements of the pipe and the platform when subjected to wave and current loads of up to a severity 6 consecutive hours of rain, and the collapse load is induced by the suction of the water pump. The CWP is sized to withstand the required water flow with low loss of withdrawal and is produced from a material that is durable and that is resistant to corrosion in seawater.
[0082] The length of the cold water pipe is defined by the need to remove the water from a depth where the temperature is approximately 4.44 ° C (40 ° F). The length of the CWP can be between 609.6 m (2,000 feet) and 1,219, 2 m (4,000 feet) or more. In aspects of the present invention, the cold water pipe can be approximately 914.4 m (3,000 feet) in length.
[0083] The CWP diameter is determined by the size of the plant and the water flow requirements. The rate of water flow through the pipe is determined by the desired power output and the efficiency of the OTEC plant. The CWP can transport cold water to the vessel's cold water conduit or to the platform at a rate of between 500,000 gpm and 3,500,000 gpm, or more. Cold water pipe diameters can be between 1.82 m and 10.66 m (6 feet and 35 feet) or more. In aspects of the present INVENTION, the diameter of the CWP is approximately 9.44 m (31 feet) in diameter.
[0084] Previous cold water piping designs specific to OTEC operations included sectional construction. Sections of cylindrical tubing between 3.04 m and 24.38 m (10 feet and 80 feet) in length have been screwed or joined in series until a sufficient length is reached. With the use of multiple cylindrical pipe sections, the CWP could be assembled next to the plant's installation and the fully constructed pipe could be raised and installed. This approach has significant disadvantages that include stress and fatigue at the points of connection between the pipe sections. In addition, the physical connection components added to the overall pipe weight, which further complicates stress considerations and connection fatigue. piping section and the connection between a fully assembled CWP and the OTEC platform or vessel.
[0085] Referring to figure 4, a continuous pipe of cold water in a dislocated stave is shown. The cold water pipe 451 is free of sectional unices like the previous CWP designs, instead it uses a displacement stave construction. CWP 451 includes a top end part 452 for connection to a submerged part of the floating OTEC platform 411. The opposite top end part 452 and the bottom part 454, which may include a ballast system, a system anchor and / or an admission screen.
[0086] The CWP 451 comprises a plurality of displacement staves built to form a cylinder. In one aspect, the plurality of displacement staves may include multiple first alternating staves 465 and multiple second staves 467.Each first stave includes a top edge 471 and a bottom edge 472.Each second stave includes a top edge 473 and a bottom edge 474. In one aspect, second stave 467 is displaced vertically from a first adjacent stave part 465, so that top edge 473 (of the second part of stave 467) and displaced between 3% and 97% vertically from the top edge 471 (of the first part in stave 465). In additional aspects, the displacement between adjacent staves may be approximately 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50% or more.
[0087] Figure 5 illustrates a detailed view of a dislocation of the stave pattern from an aspect of the present invention. The pattern includes multiple first staves 465, each having a top edge part 471, a bottom edge part 472, a connected edge 480 and a offset edge 478. The pattern also includes multiple second staves 467, each one having a top edge part 473, a bottom edge part 474, a connected edge 480 and a displacement edge 479. In forming the cold water pipe, the first section of stave 465 is joined to the second section of stave 467 so that the connected edge 480 is approximately 3% to 97% of the length of the first section of stave 465 when measured from the top edge 471 to the bottom edge 472. In one aspect, the connected edge 480 is approximately 50 %, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, or 90% of the length of the stave.
[0088] It is observed that in a pipe completely constructed, the first stave 465 can be joined to the second stave 467 along the connected edge 480. The first stave 465 can also be connected to the additional staves along the displacement edge 478, which includes a first part of additional stave, a second part of additional stave, or any other part of stave. Similarly, the second stave 467 can be joined to the first stave part along the connected edge 480. And the second stave 467 can be joined to another stave along the offset edge 479, which includes a stave along the edge displacement 479, which includes a first part of additional stave, a second part of additional stave, or any other part of stave.
[0089] In aspects, the connected edge 480 between the multiple first staves 465 and the multiple second staves 467 can have a consistent length or percentage of the length of the stave for each stave around the circumference of the pipe. The connected edge 480 between the multiple first staves 465 and the multiple second staves 465 can have a consistent length or percentage of the length of the stave for each stave along the longitudinal axis of the cold water pipe 451. In additional aspects, the connected edge 480 it can vary in length between the first 465 staves and the second alternating 467 staves.
[0090] As illustrated in figure 5, the first stave 465 and second stave 467 have the same dimensions. In aspects, the first 465 stave can be between 76.2 cm and 330.2 cm (30 inches and 130 inches) wide or more, 9.14 m and 18.28 m (30 feet to 60 feet) long, and between 1.54 cm and 60.96 cm (1 inch and 24 inches) thick. In one aspect, the dimensions of the stave can be approximately 203.2 cm (80 inches) wide, 12.19 m (40 feet) long and 10.16 cm to 30.48 cm (4 inches to 12 inches) thickness. Alternatively, the first stave 465 can be of a different length or width than the second stave 467.
[0091] Figure 6 shows a cross-sectional view of the cold water pipe 451 showing the alternating first stave 465 and the second stave 467. Each stave includes an inner surface 485 and an outer surface 486. Adjacent staves are joined along connected surface 480. Any two surfaces connected on opposite sides of a single stave define an angle a. The angle a is determined by dividing 360 ° by the total number of staves. In one aspect, the can be between 1 ° and 36 °. In one aspect, the can be 22.5 ° for a 16-staple pipe or 11.25 ° for a 32-staple pipe.
[0092] Individual staves of the cold water pipe 451 can be produced from polyvinyl chloride (PVC), dormant polyvinyl chloride (CPVC), reinforced fiber plastic (FRP), reinforced polymer cement (RPMP), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), cross-linked high density polyethylene (PEX), polybutylene (PB), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS); polyurethane, polyester, reinforced fiber polyester, reinforced nylon polyester, vinyl ester, reinforced fiber vinyl, reinforced nylon vinyl ester, concrete, ceramic, or a composite of one or more of them. Individual staves can be molded, extruded or sprinkled using standard manufacturing techniques. In one aspect, individual staves are poured to the desired shape and form and comprise a vinyl ester of nylon or reinforced fiber. Vinyl esters are available from Ashland Chemical in Covington, Kentucky, USA.
[0093] In one aspect, the staves are joined to the adjacent staves with the use of an appropriate adhesive. A flexible resin can be used to provide a flexible joint and uniform piping performance. In aspects of the INVENTION, the staves comprising a reinforced vinyl ester are joined to the adjacent staves with the use of a vinyl ester resin. Methacrylate adhesives can also be used, such as MA560-1 produced by Plexis Structural Adhesives of Danvers, Massachusetts, USA.
[0094] Referring to figures 7A to 7C, several stave constructions are shown, in which an individual stave 465 includes a top edge 471, a bottom edge 472 and one or more holes 475. The gap 475 can be hollow, filled with water, filled with a resin, filled with an adhesive or filled with a foam material, such as synthetic foam. The synthetic foam is a matrix of resin and small glass microspheres. The microspheres can be hollow or solid. The gap 475 can be filled to influence the buoyancy of the stave and / or the cold water pipe 451. Figure 7A illustrates a single gap 475. In one aspect, multiple vaults 475 can be spaced equally along the length of the stave , as illustrated in figures 7B. In one aspect, one or more holes 475 can be positioned towards an end of the stave, for example, towards the bottom edge 472, as shown in figure 7C.
[0095] Referring to figure 8, each individual stave 465 may include a top edge 471, a bottom edge 472, a first longitudinal side 491 and a second longitudinal side 492. In one aspect, the longitudinal side 491 includes a member joinery, such as a 493 tongue. The joinery member may alternatively include, biscuits, overlapping joint, or other joinery structures. The second longitudinal side 492 includes a coupling join surface, such as a groove 494. In use, the first longitudinal side 491 of a first staple engages or joins the second longitudinal side 492 of a second stave. Although not shown, joining structures, such as a tongue or groove, or other structures, can be used at the top edge 471 and the bottom edge 472 to join a stave to an adjacent stave in a longitudinal manner.
[0096] In aspects of the invention, the first longitudinal side may include a positive pressure closure connection 491 for the coupling coupling to the second longitudinal side 492. Positive pressure closure connections or pressure closure connections are described below. generally in US Patent No. 7,131,242, incorporated herein in full by reference. The total length of the tongue 493 may incorporate a positive pressure closure or the parts of the tongue 493 may include a positive pressure closure. The tongue 493 may include the closing rivets. It is noted that where the tongue 493 includes a pressure closure structure, a suitable receiving structure is provided on the second longitudinal side having the groove 494.
[0097] Figure 9 illustrates an exemplary positive pressure closing system, in which the male part 970 includes the collar 972.The male part 970 mechanically engages the receiving part 975 which includes mounting the collar in recess 977 included. In use, the male part 970 is inserted into a receiving part 975, so that the collar part 972 engages in the collar assembly in recess 977, thus allowing the male part 970 to be inserted, but at the same time preventing its release or withdrawal.
[0098] The positive pressure closure joints between stave parts of the stave in the high seas can be used to mechanically close two stave parts. Positive pressure fastening joints can be used alone or in combination with a resin or an adhesive. In one aspect, a flexible resin is used in combination with the positive pressure closure joint.
[0099] Figure 10 illustrates a cold water pipe 451 having a displacement stave construction comprising multiple alternating first staves 465 and second alternating staves 467 and additionally comprising a spiral wound ribbon 497 covering at least part of the surface outer of the cold water pipe 451. In aspects, the tape e continues from the bottom part 454 of the cold water pipe 451 to the top part 452 of the cold water pipe 451. In other respects, the tape 497 is provided only in those parts of pipe 451 that are subjected to the vortex path due to the movement of water beyond cold water pipe 451. Tape 497 provides radial and longitudinal support for cold water pipe 451. Tape 497 also prevents vibration along the cold water pipeline and reduces the path of vortices due to the action of the ocean current.
[00100] Tape 497 can be the same thickness and width as an individual cold water pipe 451 or it can be two, three, four times or more in thickness and up to 10 times (for example, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 8, 9 or 10 times) the width of an individual stave.
[00101] Tape 497 can be mounted on the outer surface of the cold water pipe so as to be substantially flat along the outer surface. In one embodiment, the tape 497 may project outwardly from the outer surface of the cold water pipe 451 so as to form a spiral-wound row. In aspects of the invention, a fin, a blade or a foil can be attached to various parts of the tape or row 497. Such fins can form a helix in a spiral around a part of the cold water pipe or that coils the entire length of cold water pipes. The fins can have an angle and can be provided around the row in any number in order to avoid the vortice conditions caused by cold water piping. In some respects, the fins may protrude from the surface of the pipe at a distance of between 1/32 and 1/3 of the pipe diameter (for example, about 1/32 of the pipe diameter, about 1 / 16 rounds of the pipe diameter, about 1/8 rounds of the pipe diameter, about 1/7 rounds of the pipe diameter, about 1/6 rounds of the pipe diameter, about 1/5 rounds of the pipe diameter , about 1/4 of the pipe diameter and about 1/3 of the pipe diameter).
[00102] Tape 497 can be any type of suitable material compatible with the material of the multiple staves that form the cold water pipe 451, which include: polyvinyl chloride (PVC), dormant polyvinyl chloride (CPVC), fiber plastic reinforced (FRP), reinforced polymer cement (RPMP), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), cross-linked high density polyethylene (PEX), polybutylene (PB), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS); polyurethane, polyester, fiber reinforced polyester, vinyl ester, reinforced vinyl ester, concrete, ceramic, or a composite of one or more of them. The 497 tape can be molded, extruded or powdered using the standard manufacturing techniques. In one aspect, the tape 497 is pulped to the desired shape and shape and comprises a vinyl ester reinforced with nylon or fiber similar to that used with the cold water pipe 451. The tape 497 can be attached to the cold water pipe 451 using an appropriate adhesive or resin that includes the resins of any of the above materials.
[00103] In some respects, tape 497 does not continue along the length of the cold water pipe 451. In some respects, tape 497 does not continue around the circumference of the cold water pipe 451. In some aspects, the tape 497 comprises the vertical strips attached to the outer surface of the cold water pipe 451. In some respects, where radial or other structural support is required, tape 497 may be a circumferential support member around the surface of the cold water pipe .
[00104] The 497 tape can be bonded in an adhesive way or attached to the external surface of the cold water pipe, with the use of a suitable flexible adhesive. In one aspect, the tape 497 can be mechanically coupled to the external surface of the cold water pipe 451 with the use of multiple positive pressure closures.
[00105] With reference to figure 11, an exemplary method of assembling a cold water pipe presents the efficient transport and assembly of the cold water pipe 451. The vertical cylindrical pipe sections are assembled by aligning 1110 that alternates the first and second parts of the stave to have the desired displacement as described above. The first and second parts of the stave are then joined 1120 to form a cylindrical pipe section. The displacing first and second staves can be joined using any of a variety of joining methods. In one aspect, the multiple first and second displacing stave parts are joined with the use of a tongue and groove arrangement and a flexible adhesive. In one aspect, the multiple first and second parts of the stave are joined with the use of a positive pressure mechanical closure. A combination of tongue and groove, pressure locking mechanisms and flexible adhesives can be used.
[00106] After joining 1120 of the multiple first and second parts of the stave to form a cylindrical pipe section having the first and second parts of the stave in displacement, a retaining band, an inflatable sleeve or other mold can be attached 1122 to cylindrical pipe section to provide support and stability to the pipe section. The alignment steps 1110 and joining 1120 of the multiple first and second displacement parts of the displacement can be repeated 1124 to form any number of prefabricated cylindrical pipe sections. It is observed that the cylindrical pipe section can be prefabricated in the OTEC plant installation or remotely and then transported to the OTEC plant installation for further construction to form the 451 cold water pipe completely mounted.
[00107] When having assembled at least two cylindrical pipe sections that have the displacing staves, the upper and lower cylindrical pipe sections are joined 1126 and the displacing staves of each pipe section are aligned. A flexible adhesive can be applied 1130 the top joint of the staves in displacement of the upper and lower cylindrical pipe sections. The staves of the two pipe sections can be joined using a variety of end-end joints that include the biscuit joinery. In one aspect, the moving staves of the upper and lower cylindrical pipe sections can be provided with alignment connecting holes which, in turn, can be filled with a flexible adhesive.
[00108] The holes and joints between the tubing sections or between the individual staves can be filled 1132 with the additional flexible resin. Once the two tubing sections have been joined and the resin has been applied where necessary, the two sections of tubing are left to cure 1134.
[00109] Next, the retaining strip is removed 1136 from the lower pipe section and a spiral wound row is attached to it. The spiral-wound row can be secured with the use of adhesive bonding, adhesive bonding, for example, positive pressure fasteners, or a combination of adhesive and mechanical bonding.
[00110] In one aspect of the assembly method, after the spiral row is fixed to the lower pipe section, the entire pipe assembly can be changed, for example, lowered, so that the upper pipe part becomes the new lower pipe part 1138. Next, a new upper cylindrical pipe section is mounted 1140 in a similar manner as described above. That is, the first and second stave parts are aligned 1142 to achieve the desired displacement. Then, the first and second stave parts are joined 1144 to form a new section of cylindrical pipe, for example, a new section of upper pipe. As previously mentioned, a retaining band, inflatable sleeve or other mold can be used to provide support and stability to the cylindrical pipe section during the construction of the cold water pipe 451.
[00111] When having the new upper pipe section 1144 mounted, the displacing staves of the new lower pipe section and the new upper pipe section are aligned and attracted to each other 1146.The adhesive or flexible resin is applied 1148 to the joints end cap as described above, for example, in conjunction with biscuit joinery or alignment joining holes. Any gaps between the new lower pipe section and the new upper pipe section or between any of the two stave parts 1150 can be filled with additional flexible resin. All assembly can then be left to cure 1152. The retaining mold can be removed 1154 as before and the spiral row can be fixed to the new fixed bottom. And, as before, the entire pipe assembly can be changed to present the next cylindrical pipe section. In this way, the method can be repeated until the desired pipe length is reached.
[00112] It is noted that the joining of the cylindrical pipe sections that have the moving staves can be achieved in numerous ways consistent with the present invention. The method of joining staves in displacement presents a continuous pipe without the need for bulky, heavy physical components or that interfere in the connection between the pipe segments. Thus, a pipe continues to have almost uniform material properties, which include flexibility and rigidity, and is provided. Example:
[00113] A cold water pipe assembly is provided that facilitates the local construction of a continuous pipe in an offshore stave of approximately 914.4 m (3,000 feet). Additionally, the stave design considers the adverse shipping and handling loads traditionally experienced by segmented pipe construction. For example, the towing and lifting of segmented cold water pipes traditionally constructed imposes dangerous loads on the pipe.
[00114] The stave construction allows the manufacture of multiple staves from 12.19 m to 15.24 m (40 feet to 50 feet) in length. Each stave is approximately 132.08 cm (52 inches) wide and 10.16 cm to 30.48 cm (4 inches to 12 inches) thick. The staves can be sent stacked or in containers to the platform on the high seas and the cold water pipe can then be built on the platform from multiple staves. This eliminates the need for a separate installation for the assembly of the pipe sections.
[00115] The stave parts can be constructed from a nylon reinforced villin ester which has an elasticity module of between about 66,000 psi and 165,000 psi. The stave parts can have a breaking limit of between about 15,000 psi and 45,000 psi, with a drag resistance between about 15,000 psi and 45,000 psi. In one aspect, the stave parts can have an elasticity module of 150,000 psi, a breaking limit of 30,000 psi and an elastic limit of 30,000 psi, so that the installed CWP behaves similarly to a hose, rather than behave just like a rigid pipe. This is advantageous in stormy conditions as the piping is more flexible and this prevents cracking or breaking. In one aspect, the pipe can deflect approximately two diameters from the center at the unconnected bottom end. The deflection at the unconnected bottom end must not be large so as to interfere with the docking system of the OTEC plant or any other submerged systems involved in the plant's operations.
[00116] The cold water pipe connects to the bottom part of the OTEC plant. More specifically, cold water piping connects with the use of a dynamic bearing with the bottom part of the OTEC cylindrical body of figure 3. Cold water piping connections in OTEC applications are described in section 4.5 of Avery & Wu, "Renewable Energy from the Ocean, a Guide to OTEC", Oxford University Press, 1994, incorporated here in its entirety as a reference.
[00117] One of the significant advantages of using the cylindrical body buoy as the platform is that it results in relatively small rotations between the cylindrical body itself and the CWP even in the most severe rain conditions for 6 consecutive hours. In addition, the vertical and lateral forces between the cylindrical body and the CWP are such that the downward force between the spherical ball and its seat keeps the supporting surfaces in contact at all times. Due to the fact that this bearing also acts as a watertight seal and does not come out of contact with its spherical coupling seat, there is no need to install a mechanism to keep the CWP in place in a vertical manner. This helps to simplify the design of the ball bearing and also minimizes pressure losses that would otherwise be caused by any additional physical structures or components of CWP pipe retention. The lateral forces transferred through the ball bearing are also low enough that they can be accommodated in an adequate manner without the need for vertical restraint of the CWP.
[00118] Cold water is drawn through cold water piping through one or more cold water pumps, and flows through one or more cold water passages or conduits to the condenser part of an OTEC plant in multiple stages .
[00119] Additional details of the construction and performance of the cold water pipe are described in US Patent Application No. 12 / 691,655, (Attorney Registration No. 25667-0003001), entitled "Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Power Plant Cold Water Pipe "deposited on January 21, 2010, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. Cold Aqua Pipe Connection
[00120] The connection between the cold water pipe 351 and the cylindrical body platform 311 presents the operational challenges with respect to construction and maintenance. For example, cold water piping and a vertical column from 609.6 m (2,000 feet) to 1,219, 2 m (4,000 feet) suspended in the dynamic environment of the ocean. The platform or vessel to which the cold water pipe connects is also floating in the dynamic environment of the ocean. In addition, the pipeline is ideally connected below the waterline and, in some respects, well below the waterline and close to the bottom of the vessel. Maneuvering the pipe completely assembled in the proper position and fixing the pipe to the vessel or platform is a difficult task.
[00121] The cold water pipe connection supports the static weight of the pipe suspended from the platform and takes into account the dynamic forces between the platform and the suspended pipe due to wave action, the vibration of the pipe and the movement of the pipe.
[00122] Various OTEC cold water pipe connections, including needle balancer, ball and socket, and universal connections are presented in section 4.5 of "Renewable Energy from the Ocean, a Guide to OTEC" William Avery and Chih Wu, Press University of Oxford, 1994, hereby incorporated by reference. Only the needle rocker connection was functionally tested and included a two-axis needle rocker that allows for 30 ° rotation. As described in Avery and Wu, on the piano of the needle rocker, a spherical shell formed at the top of the pipe. A cylindrical lid with a piano ring of nylon and Teflon provided a sliding seal between the cold water in the pipe and the surrounding platform structure. The connection of the pipe with the needle rocker is illustrated in figure 12.
[00123] The previous cold water pipe connections were developed for traditional hull and platform shapes that exhibit greater vertical displacement due to soil displacement and wave action than cylindrical body platforms. One of the significant advantages of using the cylindrical buoy as the platform is that it results in relatively small rotations between the cylindrical body itself and the CWP even in the most severe rain conditions for 6 consecutive hours. In addition, the vertical and lateral shafts between the cylindrical body and the CWP are such that the down shafts between the spherical ball and its seat keep the supporting surfaces in contact at all times. In aspects, the downward force between the CWP and the connecting bearing surface is between 0.4 g and 1.0 g. Due to the fact that this bearing also acts as a watertight seal and does not come out of contact with its spherical coupling seat, there is no need to install a mechanism to keep the CWP in place in a vertical manner. This helps to simplify the design of the ball bearing and also minimizes pressure losses that would otherwise be caused by any additional physical structures or components for retaining the CWP tubing. The lateral shafts transferred through the ball bearing are also low enough that they can be accommodated properly without the need for vertical restraint of the CWP.
[00124] The aspects of the present invention allow the vertical insertion of the cold water pipe upwards through the bottom of the platform. This is done by lifting the cold water pipe fully assembled in the position below the platform. This facilitates the simultaneous construction of the platform and the pipe, as well as presenting the installation and easy removal of the cold water pipe for maintenance.
[00125] With reference to figure 3, the cold water pipe 351 connects to a submerged part 311 of the cylindrical body platform 310 in the connection of cold water pipe 375. In one aspect, the cold water pipe connects with the use of a dynamic bearing with the bottom part of the OTEC cylindrical body in figure 3.
[00126] In one aspect of the present invention, a cold water pipe connection is provided that comprises a pipe collar fixed across a spherical surface to a movable holder. The movable holder is coupled to the base of the cylindrical body platform. The incorporation of the mobile holder allows vertical insertion and removal of cold water piping inside and outside the cold water piping receiving compartment.
[00127] Figure 13 illustrates an exemplifying aspect in which the cold water pipe connection 375 includes the pipe receiving compartment 776 comprising the compartment walls 777 and the holding housing 778. The receiving compartment 776 further comprises the receiving diameter 780, which is defined by the length of the diameter between compartment walls 777. In aspects, the receiving diameter is greater than the diameter of the outer collar 781 of the cold water pipe 351.
[00128] The cold water pipe connection 375 and the lower part of the cylindrical body 311 may include the structural reinforcement and supports to support the weight and dynamic forces imposed and transferred to the cylindrical body 311 by the cold water pipe 351 once. suspended.
[00129] Referring to figure 14, the cold water pipe connection 375 includes holder housing 778 and mobile holder 840, which is mechanically coupled to holder housing 778 to allow movement of holder 840 from a first position to a second position. In a first position, the movable keeper 840 is housed within the keeper housing 778 so that keeper 840 does not protrude inwardly towards the center of the receiving compartment 776 and remains outside the receiving diameter 780. In the first position, the top end portion 385 of cold water piping 351 can be inserted into the piping receiving compartment 776 without interference from mobile keeper 840. In an alternative aspect, mobile keeper 840 can be housed in a first position, so that none aspect of the mobile holder 840 protrudes inwardly towards the center of the receiving compartment 776 beyond the diameter of the outer collar 781. In another aspect, the mobile holder 840 in a first position does not interfere with the vertical movement of the cold water pipe 351 through the receiving compartment 776.
[00130] In a second position, the mobile holder 840 extends beyond the holder housing 778 and projects inwards towards the center of the receiving compartment 776. In the second position, the mobile holder 840 extends inward beyond the diameter external collar 781. The movable stopper 840 can be adjusted or moved from a first position to a second position using hydraulic actuators, pneumatic actuators, mechanical actuators, electric actuators, electromechanical actuators, or a combination of the same.
[00131] The movable holder 840 includes a spherical or arched partial bearing surface 842. The arched bearing surface 842 is configured to provide a dynamic bearing for the cold water pipe bearing collar 848 when the mobile holder 840 is in a second position.
[00132] The cold water pipe bearing collar 842 includes the collar bearing surface 849. The arched bearing surface 842 and the collar bearing surface 849 can be cooperatively attached to provide a dynamic bearing to support the cold water pipe suspension weight 351. Additionally, the arched bearing surface 842 and the collar bearing surface 849 are cooperatively fixed to consider the relative movement between the cold water pipe 351 and the platform 310 without loosening the pipe of cold water 351. The arched bearing surface 842 and the collar bearing surface 849 are cooperatively fixed to provide a dynamic seal so that relatively hot water cannot enter the pipe receiving compartment 776 and finally , in the cold water intake 350 since the cold water pipe 351 is connected to the platform 310 through the cold water pipe connection 375. Since the water pipe cold 351 is suspended, cold water is drawn through the cold water pipe through one or more cold water pumps and flows through one or more cold water passages or conduits to the condenser part of an OTEC plant in multiple stages.
[00133] The arcuate bearing surface 842 and the collar bearing surface 849 can be treated with a coating, such as a Teflon coating to prevent galvanic interplay between the two surfaces.
[00134] It is observed that any combination of a mechanical bearing surface and a movable or pin holder to connect the cold water pipe to the floating platform is contemplated in the claims and in the presentation here. For example, in aspects, the arcuate bearing surface can be positioned above the movable detent, the arcuate bearing surface can be positioned next to the movable detent, or even below the movable detent. In aspects, the mobile holder can be integral to the bottom part of the floating platform as described above. In other aspects, the mobile holder can be integral to the cold water pipe.
[00135] Figure 15 illustrates an exemplary method for attaching a cold water pipe to a floating platform and, more specifically, to a floating OTEC platform. The method includes the installation guidelines and the platform loader for the fully assembled cold water pipe. Then, the cold water pipe is lowered below the platform and aligned in the proper position. Then, the cold water pipe is raised to the pipe receiving compartment, the movable holders or the pine are extended and the pipe is fixed on the arched bearing surface.
[00136] More specifically, the guiding cables are fixed 910 to the fully assembled cold water pipe 351. In an exemplary embodiment, the cold water pipe 351 can include one or more inflatable sleeves to provide buoyancy during construction, movement , and the elevation of the cold water pipe. After the guiding wires are fixed 910 to the cold water pipe, one or more inflatable sleeves can be emptied 915 so that the cold water pipe is floating in a negative manner. In one embodiment, the cold water pipe can also include a nodule weight or other ballast system that can be partially or completely filled with water or other ballast material to provide negative buoyancy to the cold water pipe.
[00137] Then, the cold water piping is lowered 920 to a position below the cold water piping connection 375 of the floating OTEC platform 310. The ballast can be adjusted again. The guiding wires are adjusted 925 to properly position the position of the cold water pipe below the cold water pipe connection 375 and the alignment can be verified and confirmed 930 through video, remote sensors and other means. The cold water pipe assembly is then raised 935 to such a position that the cold water pipe bearing collar 848 is above the movable holders 840 of the cold water pipe connection assembly. The elevation of the cold water piping for the connection of cold water piping can be done with the use of guiding threads, inflatable sleeves, separable buckets or a combination thereof.
[00138] After the cold and elevated water pipe 935 for the connection of cold water pipe, the movable holders are extended 940 to provide a dynamic bearing surface for the cold water pipe. Then, the cold water pipe is lowered by adjusting the guide wires, by emptying the inflatable sleeves or separable buckets, or by adjusting the weight of the nodule or other ballast system. A combination of them can also be used.
[00139] It is observed that the guiding wires, the expansion lines, the ballast lines and the like must remain unobstructed from each other during the movement of the cold water pipe. In addition, the movement of the cold water pipe must not interfere with the docking system of the OTEC platform.
[00140] In another aspect of the invention, a static connection can be made between the cold water pipe and the cylindrical body structure. In such aspects, the dynamic forces between a pipe and the cylindrical body can be considered by varying the flexibility of the pipe close to the top part of the pipe. By allowing the movement of the lower and middle parts of the cold water pipe, the need for a dynamic pipe connection is reduced or completely avoided. Avoiding the need for a needle balance connection removes costly moving parts and simplifies the manufacture of both the lower cylindrical body part and the cold water pipe.
[00141] With reference to figure 16, the cold water pipe 1651 is connected to the lower part of the cylindrical body 1611 without the use of the dynamic bearings described above. Figure 16 illustrates the cold water pipe connected to the lower part of the cylindrical body structure in both the displaced and non-displaced configuration. The upper parts of the cold water pipe 1651, that is, those parts in and below adjacent to the connection point and the lower part of the cylindrical body 1611, are stiffened to provide a relatively inflatable top part 1651A of the cold water pipe . Below the flexible top part 1651 A, the relatively flexible middle part 1651B is provided. Below the flexible middle part 1651B is a moderately flexible lower part 1651C, which can comprise the larger part of the cold water pipe assembly. A weight of the nodule or ballast system can be attached to the bottom or any other part of the flexible lower part in a moderate way 1651C.
[00142] As illustrated, the flexible middle part 1651B allows the deflection of the lower parts of the cold water pipeline away from the suspension line of the cold water pipeline. The amount of deflection can be between 0.25 degrees and 30 degrees, depending on the length and diameter of the cold water pipe suspended from the cylindrical body 1011.
[00143] With reference to figure 17, the static connection of the static cold water pipe and the cylindrical body is detailed. The lower part of the cylindrical body 1611 includes the receiving compartment 1713 for receiving the top part 1651A of the cold water pipe 1651. The receiving compartment 1713 includes the tapered part 1714 and the contact pads 1715. The upper part 1651A of the cold water piping 1651 includes collar 1755 with tapered collar surface 1756 and lanyard straps 1775. Cold water piping 1651 is connected to the cylindrical body 1611 by the lanyard and retaining cables 1777, which are attached to the pipeline cold water in the 1775 lifting lines. The cables 1777 are attached to the mechanical winches 1779 housed in the lower part of the cylindrical body 1611.
[00144] In an exemplary method for connecting the cold water pipe to the cylindrical body platform, the cold water pipe is fully fabricated and lowered to a point just below the cylindrical body platform. Connecting and holding cables 1777 are connected to connecting algae 1775 by vehicles operated remotely. The tension is absorbed in the cables with the use of the aforementioned mechanical winches housed in the lower part of the cylindrical body 1611. As the upper part 1651A of the cold water pipe 1651 enters the receiving compartment 1713, it is guided to the proper position by the tapered part 1714 until a secure connection is made between the tapered collar surface 1756 and the contact pads 1715. With proper placement and secure connection of the cold water pipe in the receiving compartment, the 1777 cables are mechanically attached to prevent the downward movement of the 1651 cold water pipe. Due to the fact that water flows into the cold water pipe and around the outside of the pipe, a pressure seal is not required at the interface between the cold water pipe and the cylindrical body structure. In some implementations, the seal between the cold water pipe and the cylindrical body structure minimizes the passage of water through the fence. The upward force exerted on the connection pad can be provided by the water cables, by the buoyancy of the cold water pipe, or by a combination of both.
[00145] It is noted that the number of igament cables 1777 and the corresponding algae algae 1775 depends on the size, weight and buoyancy of the cold water pipe 1651. In some respects, the cold water pipe 1651 can be buoyant in a positive, neutral or negative way. The number of water cables 1777 and the corresponding water algae 1775 also depends on any ballast associated with cold water piping, as well as the weight and buoyancy of the weight of the nodule attached to the cold water pipe. In aspects of the invention, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or more connecting and retaining cables can be used.
[00146] G33
[00147] In additional aspects of the invention, 1775 igga algae may comprise cushion eyes screwed directly to the top of the cold water pipe using known connection and fastening techniques. For example, pipe sockets, hexagonal sockets, pins and the like can be incorporated in the stave top part of the cold water pipe.
[00148] In other respects, an igloo collar can be installed on the top part of the cold water pipe, the igloo collar comprising the collar connection surface 1756 and igloo algae 1755. The igloo collar can have the same materials or different materials from the cold water pipe. The iguania collar, when attached to cold water piping, can increase the cold water piping rigidity more than the rigidity associated with the upper 1651 A. Figure 18 is an illustration of a 1775 iguania pipe mounted on a pipe of cold water in stave 1651. The water collar can be connected mechanically, chemically, or thermally to the upper part 1651A of the cold water pipe. For example, the same bonding resin to connect the individual members of the cold water pipe stave can be used to connect the water collar to the cold water pipe. Heat Exchange System
[00149] Figures 3, 3A and 19 and 20 illustrate an implementation of the present invention in which a plurality of multi-stage heat exchangers 420 is arranged around the periphery of the OTEC 410 cylindrical body. The heat exchangers 420 can be the evaporators or the capacitors used in an OTEC thermal motor. The peripheral layout of the heat exchangers can be used with the evaporating part 344 or with the condenser part 348 of the OTEC cylindrical body platform. The peripheral arrangement can support any number of heat exchangers (for example, 1 heat exchanger, between 2 and 8 heat exchangers, 8 to 16 heat exchangers, 16 to 32 heat exchangers, or 32 or more heat exchangers) . One or more heat exchangers may be peripherally arranged on a single deck or on multiple decks (for example, on 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 or more decks) of the OTEC 410 cylindrical body. One or more heat exchangers heat exchangers can be peripherally displaced between two or more decks, so that the two heat exchangers are vertically aligned to each other. One or more heat exchangers can be arranged peripherally so that the heat exchangers on one deck are vertically aligned with the heat exchangers on another adjacent deck.
[00150] Individual heat exchangers 420 may comprise a multi-stage heat exchange system (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, u 6 or more heat exchange systems). In one embodiment, the individual heat exchangers 420 can be a cabinet heat exchanger built to provide minimal pressure loss in the flow of warm seawater, in the flow of cold seawater, and in the flow of working fluid through of the heat exchanger.
[00151] With reference to figure 21, a modality of a heat exchanger in cabinet 520 includes the heat exchangers in multiple stages 521, 522, 523 and 524. In one implementation, the stacked heat exchangers accommodate the warm sea water flowing down through the cabinet, from the first stage evaporator 521, to the second stage evaporator 522, to the third stage evaporator 523 to the fourth stage evaporator 524. In another embodiment of the stacked heat exchanger cabinet, water Cold seawater flows upward through the cabinet from the first stage evaporator 531, to the second stage evaporator 532, to the third stage evaporator 533 to the fourth stage evaporator 534. The workflow flows through the fluid feed conduits working fluid 533 and working fluid discharge conduits 539. In one embodiment, working fluid conduits 538 and 539 enter and exit each stage of the heat exchanger handling ho horizontal when compared to the vertical flow of hot sea water or cold sea water. The vertical multi-stage heat exchanger design of the 520 cabinet heat exchanger facilitates an integrated vessel (eg, cylindrical body) and the heat exchanger design removes the requirement for interconnecting piping between the heat exchanger in stages, and ensures that practically all the pressure drop in the heat exchanger system occurs through the heat transfer surface.
[00152] In one aspect, the heat transfer surface can be optimized with the use of the shape, treatment and spacing of the surface. Material selection, such as aluminum alloys, offers superior economic performance to traditional titanium-based designs. The heat transfer surface may comprise 1,000 series, 3,000 series or 5,000 series aluminum alloys. The heat transfer surface may comprise titanium and titanium alloys.
[00153] It has been revealed that the multi-stage heat exchanger cabinet allows maximum transfer of energy to the working fluid of seawater within a relatively low temperature differential available from the OTEC thermal motor. The thermodynamic efficiency of any OTEC plant is a function of how close the temperature of the working fluid reaches that of seawater. The heat transfer physics states that the area needed to transfer energy increases as the temperature of the working fluid reaches that of seawater. To offset the increase in surface area, increasing the speed of seawater can increase the heat transfer coefficient. However, this greatly increases the power required for pumping, thus increasing the parasitic electrical charge at the OTEC plant.
[00154] Referring to figure 22A, a conventional OTEC cycle is presented, in which the working fluid is boiling in a heat exchanger with the use of hot sea water on the surface. The properties of the fluid in this conventional Rankine cycle are constrained by the boiling process that limits the outlet working fluid to approximately -16.11 ° C (3 ° F) below the temperature of the outgoing hot water. Similarly, the condensation side of the cycle is limited to not getting closer than - 16.66 ° C (2 ° F) higher than the temperature of the cold sea water than the outlet. The total temperature drop available for the working fluid is approximately -11.11 ° C (12 ° F) (between 20 ° C and 13.33 ° C (68 ° F and 56 ° F)).
[00155] It has been revealed that a progressive cycle of OTEC in multiple stages allows the working fluid temperatures to coincide more quickly than that of seawater. This increase in the temperature differential increases the amount of work that can be done by the turbines associated with the OTEC thermal motor.
[00156] Referring to figure 22B, an aspect of a multi-stage progressive OTEC cycle uses multiple boiling and condensing steps to expand the available working fluid temperature drop. Each step requires an independent heat exchanger, or a heat exchanger stage reserved in the heat exchanger in cabinet 520 of figure 5. The progressive cycle of OTEC in multiple stages of figure 6b allows the equal emission of the turbines with the loads of expected pumping for seawater and working fluid. This highly optimized design would require custom and reserved turbines.
[00157] Referring to figure 22C, a progressive © hybrid OTEC cycle that is still optimized and shown that facilitates the use of identical equipment (for example, turbines, generators, pumps) while maintaining thermodynamic efficiencies or the optimization of the actual progressive arrangement of figure 22B. In the progressive hybrid cycle of figure 22C, the temperature differential available for the working fluid ranges from about - 7.77 ° C (18 ° F) to about -5.55 ° C (22 ° F). This narrow variation allows the turbines in the thermal engine to have the same performance specifications, thus lowering operating and construction costs.
[00158] The performance of the system and the power emission are greatly increased with the use of the progressive hybrid cycle in an OTEC plant. Table A compares the performance of the conventional cycle of figure 22A with that of the hybrid progressive cycle of figure 22C. Estimated Performance Table for the 100MW Net Emission

[00159] The use of the four-stage hybrid progressive heat exchange cycle reduces the amount of energy that needs to be transferred between fluids. This in turn serves to reduce the amount of heat exchange surface that is required.
[00160] The performance of heat exchangers is affected by the temperature difference available between fluids, as well as the heat transfer coefficient on the surfaces of the heat exchanger. The heat transfer coefficient varies, in general, with the speed of the fluid across the heat transfer surfaces. Higher fluid speeds require higher pumping power, thereby reducing the plant's net efficiency. A hybrid and progressive multi-stage heat exchange system facilitates lower fluid speeds and higher plant efficiencies. The stacked hybrid and progressive heat exchange design also facilitates lower pressure drops through the heat exchanger. And the design of the vertical plant facilitates lower pressure drops throughout the system.
[00161] Figure 22D illustrates the impact of the pressure drop of the heat exchanger on the total generation of the OTEC plant to release 100MW to a power supply grid. Minimizing the pressure drop through the heat exchanger greatly improves the performance of the OTEC plant. The pressure drop is reduced by providing an integrated vessel or platform system with the heat exchanger, in which the sea water conduits form the structural members of the vessel and allow the flow of sea water from a stage of the exchanger heat to another in series. An approximate straight-line sea water flow, with minimal changes in the direction of admission to the vessel, by means of the pump, through the heat exchange cabinets and, in turn, through each heat exchange stage in series and, finally, with the discharge from the plant, it allows a minimum pressure drop. Example:
[00162] Aspects of the present invention provide an integrated multi-stage OTEC plant that will produce electricity using the temperature differential between surface water and deep ocean water in tropical and subtropical regions. The aspects eliminate the traditional plumbing extensions for sea water through the use of a vessel structure or platform on the high seas as a conduit or flow passage. Alternatively, cold sea water and warm sea water pipeline extensions may use conduits or pipes of sufficient size and strength to provide vertical or other structural support to the vessel or platform. These passages or integral sections of seawater conduit serve as structural members of the vessel, thus reducing the requirements for additional water. As part of integral seawater passages, multi-stage cabinet heat exchangers provide multiple stages of evaporation of working fluid without the need for external water nozzles or pipe connections. The integrated multi-stage OTEC plant allows cold sea water and warm sea water to flow into their natural diregbes. Hot sea water flows down through the vessel as it is cooled before being discharged into a cooling zone of the ocean. In a similar manner, cold seawater from the ocean floor flows upward through the vessel as it is heated before being discharged into a warmer area of the ocean. This arrangement avoids the need for changes in the direction of seawater flow and the associated pressure losses. The arrangement also reduces the required pumping energy.
[00163] Cabinet heat exchangers in multiple stages allow the use of a progressive and hybrid OTEC cycle. These stacks of heat exchangers comprise the heat exchanger in multiple stages or sections that has water from the water that passes through them in series to undergo boiling or condensation of the working fluid, as appropriate. In the evaporator section, the warm sea water passes through the first stage where it undergoes the boiling of a part of the working fluid as the sea water is cooled. Then, warm sea water flows down the stack to the next stage of the heat exchanger and boils the additional working fluid at slightly lower pressure and temperature. This occurs sequentially across the entire stack. Each stage or section of the cabinet heat exchanger supplies the steam from the working fluid to a reserved turbine that generates electrical power. Each stage of the evaporator has a corresponding condenser stage in the exhaust of the turbine. Cold seawater passes through the condenser cells in reverse order to the evaporators.
[00164] Referring to figure 23, an exemplary 710 multi-stage OTEC thermal motor that uses progressive and hybrid heat exchange cycles is provided. Hot sea water is pumped from a hot sea water intake (not shown) through the hot water pump 712, discharged from the pump at approximately 1,360,000 gpm and at a temperature of approximately 26.11 ° C (79 ° F). All parts of the hot water conduit from the warm water intake to the hot water pump, and from the hot water pump to the stacked heat exchanger cabinet can form the integral structural members of the vessel.
[00165] From the hot water pump 712, the hot sea water then enters the evaporator in stages 714 where it causes the first working fluid to boil. The hot water leaves the first evaporator in stages 714 at a temperature of approximately 24.88 ° C (76.8 ° F) and flows to the second evaporator in stages 715.
[00166] Hot water enters the second evaporator at stages 715 at approximately 24.88 ° C (76.8 ° F) where it causes a second working fluid to boil and exits the second evaporator at stages 715 at a temperature of approximately 23.61 ° C (74.5 ° F).
[00167] Hot water flows down the third evaporator in stages 716 from the second evaporator in stages 715, and enters a temperature of approximately 23.61 ° C (74.5 ° F), where it causes the boiling of a third working fluid. Hot water exits the third evaporator at stages 716 at a temperature of approximately 22.38 ° C (72.3 ° F).
[00168] Then, hot water flows from the third evaporator in stages 716 down to the fourth evaporator in stages 717, and enters a temperature of approximately 22.38 ° C (72.3 ° F), where it causes the boiling a fourth working fluid. The hot water exits the fourth evaporator at stages 717 at a temperature of approximately 21.16 ° C (70.1 ° F) and is then discharged from the vessel. Although not shown, the discharge can be directed to a thermal layer at an ocean depth of or about the same temperature as the discharge temperature of the warm seawater. Alternatively, the part of the plant that houses the evaporator in multiple stages can be located at a depth within the structure so that the hot water is discharged to a suitable thermal layer of the ocean. In aspects, the hot water conduit of the fourth evaporator in stages for the discharge of hot water from the vessel may comprise the structural members of the vessel.
[00169] Similarly, cold seawater is pumped from a cold seawater intake (not shown) through a cold seawater pump 722, discharged from the pump at approximately 855,003 gpm and at a temperature of approximately 4.44 ° C (40 ° F). Cold seawater is removed from the depths of the ocean between approximately 822.96 m and 1,280.16 m (2,700 feet and 4,200 feet), or more. The cold water conduit that carries cold sea water from the vessel's cold water intake to the cold water pump, and from the cold water pump to the first stage condenser can comprise the entire or structural part of the members of the vessel.
[00170] From the cold sea water pump 722, cold sea water enters the first condenser in stages 724, where it condenses the fourth working fluid of the fourth boiler in stages 717. Cold sea water comes out of the first condenser in stages at a temperature of approximately 6.38 ° C (43.5 ° F) and flows to the second condenser in stages 725.
[00171] Cold sea water enters the second condenser in stages 725 at approximately 6.38 ° C (43.5 ° F) where it condenses the third working fluid of the third evaporator in stages 716. Cold sea water comes out from the second condenser in stages 725 at a temperature of approximately 8.27 ° C (46.9 ° F) and flows to the third condenser in stages.
[00172] Cold sea water enters the third condenser in stages 726 at a temperature of approximately 8.27 ° C (46.9 ° F) where it condenses the second working fluid of the second evaporator in stages 715. Cold water from the sea it exits the third condenser in stages 726 at a temperature of approximately 10.22 ° C (50.4 ° F).
[00173] Cold sea water then flows from the third condenser in stages 726 to the fourth condenser in stages 727, and enters at a temperature of approximately 10.22 ° C (50.4 ° F). In the fourth condenser in stages, the cold sea water condenses the first working fluid of the first evaporator in stages 714. Then, the cold sea water leaves the fourth condenser in stages at a temperature of approximately 12.22 ° C (54 ° F) and, finally, it is unloaded from the vessel. The discharge of cold seawater can be directed to a thermal layer at a depth of the ocean of or about the same temperature as the discharge temperature of cold seawater. Alternatively, the part of the plant that houses the condenser in multiple stages can be located at a depth within the structure so that cold water is discharged to a suitable thermal layer of the ocean.
[00174] The first working fluid enters the first evaporator in stages 714 at a temperature of 13.73 ° C (56.7 ° F) where it is heated to a steam with a temperature of 23.72 ° C (74, 7 ° F). The first working fluid then flows to the first turbine 731 and then to the fourth condenser in stages 727 where the working fluid is condensed to a liquid with a temperature of approximately 13.61 ° C (56, 5 ° F). The first working fluid is liquid and then pumped through a first working fluid 741 pumps back to the first evaporator in stages 714.
[00175] The second working fluid enters the second evaporator in stages 715 at a temperature of approximately 11.67 ° C (53 ° F) where it is heated to a steam. The second working fluid exits the second evaporator in stages 715 at a temperature of approximately 22.44 ° C (72.4 ° F). The second working fluid then flows to the second turbine 732 and then to the third condenser in stages 726. The second working fluid exits the third condenser in stages at a temperature of approximately 11.67 ° C ( 53 ° F) and flows to the working fluid pump 742 which, in turn, pumps the second working fluid back to the second evaporator in stages 715.
[00176] The third working fluid enters the third evaporator at stages 716 at a temperature of approximately 9.72 ° C (49.5 ° F) where it will be heated to a steam and exits the third evaporator at stages 716 at a temperature approximately 21.22 ° C (70.2 ° F). The third working fluid then flows to the third turbine 733 and then to the second condenser in stages 725 where the third working fluid is condensed to a fluid at a temperature of approximately 9.72 ° C (49 , 5 ° F). The third working fluid exits the second condenser in stages 725 and is pumped back to the third evaporator in stages 716 through the pump of the third working fluid 743.
[00177] The fourth working fluid enters the fourth evaporator at stages 717 at a temperature of approximately 7.77 ° C (46 ° F) where it will be heated to a steam. The fourth working fluid exits the fourth evaporator at stages 717 at a temperature of approximately 20 ° C (68 ° F) and flows to a fourth turbine 734. The fourth working fluid leaves the fourth turbine 734 and flows to the first condenser at stages 724 where it is condensed to a liquid at a temperature of approximately 7.77 ° C (46 ° F). The fourth working fluid exits the first condenser in stages 724 and is pumped back to the fourth evaporator in stages 717 through the fourth working fluid pump 744.
[00178] The first turbine 731 and the fourth turbine 734 cooperatively drive a first generator 751 and form the first pair of turbo generators 761. The first pair of turbo generators will produce approximately 25MW of electrical power.
[00179] The second turbine 732 and the third turbine 733 cooperatively drive a second generator 752 and form the second pair of turbo generators 762. The second pair of turbo generators 762 will produce approximately 25MW of electrical power.
[00180] The hybrid and progressive heat exchange cycle in four stages of figure 7 allows the maximum amount of energy to be extracted from the relatively low temperature differential between warm sea water and cold sea water. In addition, all heat exchangers can directly support the turbo generator pairs that produce electricity using the same turbine and generator components.
[00181] It is observed that the hybrid and progressive heat exchangers in multiple stages and the turbo generator pairs can be incorporated in a vessel or platform design. Example:
[00182] An offshore OTEC cylindrical body platform includes four separate power modules, each generating about 25 liquid MWe in the assessed design condition. Each power module comprises four separate power cycles or cascade thermodynamic stages that operate at different pressure and temperature levels and capture heat from the seawater system at four different stages. The four different stages operate in series. The approximate pressure and temperature levels of the four stages in the evaluated design conditions (Full Load - Summer Conditions) are:


[00183] The working fluid undergoes boiling in multiple evaporators by capturing heat from warm sea water (WSW). The saturated steam is separated in a steam separator and is conducted to an ammonia turbine by the STD schedule, continue carbon steel piping. The condensed liquid in the condenser is pumped back to the evaporator by the constant speed feed pumps driven by the 2x100% electric motor. The turbines of cycles 1 to 4 drive a common electrical generator. Similarly, the turbines in cycles 2 to 3 drive another common generator. In one respect, there are two generators in each module of the plant and a total of 8 in the plant of 100MWe. The supply to the evaporators is controlled by the supply control valves to maintain the level in the steam separator. The level of the condenser is controlled by the cycle fluid compensation control valves. The minimum flow of the feed pump is guaranteed by the recirculation lines conducted by the condenser through the control valves regulated by the flow meter in the supply line.
[00184] In operation, the four (4) power cycles of the modules operate independently. Either cycle can be switched off without delaying the operation of the other cycles if necessary, for example, in the event of a failure or for maintenance. But this will reduce the net power generation of the power module as a whole.
[00185] Aspects of the present invention require large volumes of sea water. There will be separate systems for handling cold sea water and hot sea water, each with its pumping equipment, water ducts, plumbing, valves, heat exchangers, etc. Sea water is more corrosive than fresh water and all materials that can be in contact with it need to be carefully selected taking this into account. The building materials for the main components of seawater systems will be: Large orifice piping: Plastic Reinforced with Glass Fiber (FRP) Large ducts and water chambers Apo Epoxy-Coated Carbon from the sea & Chambers: Large orifice valves : Rubber-coated butterfly typePump impellers: Suitable bronze alloy
[00186] Unless controlled by suitable means, biological growths within seawater systems can cause a significant loss of plant performance and can cause scaling of the heat transfer surfaces that lead to lower emissions from the plant. This internal growth can also increase resistance to water flows, which causes greater pumping power needs, lower system flows, etc. and even complete blocking of flow paths in more severe cases.
[00187] The cold sea water system ("CSW") that uses water taken from the ocean floor should present little or no problem with respect to biological fouling. The water at these depths does not receive much sunlight and lacks oxygen, so there are few living organisms in it. Some types of anaerobic bacteria may, however, be able to grow under some conditions. Shock chlorination will be used to combat biological fouling.
[00188] The hot sea water system ("WSW") that handles hot sea water close to the surface will need to be protected from biological fouling. It has been found that fouling rates are much lower in tropical open ocean waters suitable for OTEC operations than in coastal waters. As a result, chemical agents can be used to control biological fouling in OTEC systems at very low doses that will be environmentally acceptable. The dosage of small amounts of chlorine has proven to be very effective in the fight against biological fouling in seawater. Chlorine dosages at a rate of about 70 ppb, for one hour a day, are quite effective in preventing the growth of marine organisms. This dosage is only 1/20 of the environmentally safe level stipulated by the EPA. Other types of treatment (thermal shock, shock chlorination, other biocides, etc.) can be used over time between low-dose treatment regimens to get rid of chlorine-resistant organisms.
[00189] The chlorine necessary for the measurement of seawater flows is generated on board the plant's vessel through electrolysis of seawater. Electrochlorination plants of this type are commercially available and have been used successfully to produce the hypochlorite solution to be used for dosing. The electrochlorination plant can operate continuously to fill storage tanks and the contents of these tanks are used for the periodic dosage described above.
[00190] All seawater conduits avoid inactive bags where sediment can settle or organisms can settle and start coldnia. The disposal provisions are provided from the low points of the water ducts to eliminate deposits that may be collected there. The high points of the ducts and water chambers are ventilated to allow the captured gases to escape.
[00191] The cold sea water system ("CSW") will consist of a deep common water intake for the plant's vessel, and the water pumping / distribution systems, the condensers with their respective plumbing and discharge ducts of water to return the water back to the sea. The cold water intake pipe extends to a depth of more than 822.96 m (2,700 feet), (for example, between 822.96 m and 1,280.16 m (2,700 feet and 4,200 feet)), where the temperature of the seawater and approximately 4.44 ° C (40 ° F) constant. The entrance to the pipe is protected by screens to prevent large organisms from being sucked into it. After entering the pipeline, cold water flows towards the surface of the sea and is released to a cold chamber next to the bottom of the vessel or the cylindrical body.
[00192] CSW supply pumps, distribution ducts, condensers, etc. are located at the lowest level of the plant. The pumps suck from the transverse duct and send cold water to the distribution duct system. CSW supply pumps 4 x 25% are provided for each module. Each pump is independently circuited with the inlet valves so that they can be isolated and opened for inspiration, maintenance, etc., when necessary. The pumps are driven by high efficiency electric motors.
[00193] Cold seawater flows through the condensers of the series cycles and then the CSW effluent is discharged back to the sea. CSW flows through the condenser heat exchangers of the plant's four cycles in series in the required order. The condenser installations are arranged to allow them to be isolated and opened for cleaning or maintenance when necessary.
[00194] The WSW system comprises underwater intake networks located below the surface of the sea, an intake space for transporting incoming water to pumps, water pumps, the biocide metering system to control scale fouling surfaces of heat transfer, the water filter system to avoid blockages by suspended materials, the evaporators with their respective water piping and the discharge ducts for the return of the water back to the sea.
[00195] Inlet nets are provided on the outer wall of the plant's modules to remove hot water near the sea surface. The face speed in the intake nets is kept below 0.5 feet / second to minimize the loading of marine organisms. These nets also prevent the entry of large floating debris and their clean openings are based on the maximum size of solids that can pass through pumps and heat exchangers safely. After passing through these grids, the water enters the intake space located behind the grates and is directed to the aspirations of the WSW supply pumps.
[00196] WSW pumps are located in two groups on opposite sides of the pump floor. Half of the pumps are located on each side with separate suction connections from the intake space for each group. This arrangement limits the maximum flow rate through any part of the intake space to about 1/16 of the total flow and thus reduces friction losses in the intake system. Each of the pumps is provided with valves on the inlet sides so that they can be isolated and opened for inspection, maintenance, etc., when necessary. The pumps are driven by high efficiency electric motors with variable frequency drives to match the emission of the pump to charge.
[00197] It is necessary to control the biological fouling of the WSW system and, in particular, its heat transfer surfaces, and the appropriate biocides will be dosed into the pumps for this purpose.
[00198] The hot water stream may need to be filtered to remove the larger suspended particles that can block the narrow passages in the heat exchangers. Large automatic filters or "debris filters" can be used for this if necessary. The suspended materials can be retained on the screens and then removed by washing. The washing effluents that transport the suspended solids will be sent to the discharge flow of the plant to be returned to the ocean. The exact requirements for this will be decided during further development after collecting more data on the quality of seawater.
[00199] The warm sea water (WSW) is retained and distributed to the evaporator heat exchangers. The WSW flows through the evaporators of the plant's four cycles in series in the required order. The WSW effluent from the last cycle is discharged to a depth of approximately 53.34 m (175 feet) or more below the sea surface. Then it sinks slowly to a depth where the temperature (and therefore the density) of the seawater will match that of the effluent.
[00200] Although the modalities described here have the heat exchanger in multiple stages on a vessel or the floating platform on the high seas, which removes cold water through a continuous pipe of cold water in a displaced stave, it is observed that other modalities are within the scope of the invention. For example, the cold water pipe can be connected to an onshore installation. The displacement continuous pipe can be used for other inlet or outlet pipes that have a significant length in diameter radii. The displacement stave construction can be incorporated into pipe sections for use in traditional segmented pipe construction. The multi-stage heat exchanger and integrated flow passages can be incorporated into onshore installations that include land based OTEC installations. In addition, hot water can be fresh hot water, hot water geothermally, or industrial discharge water (for example, cooling water discharged from a nuclear plant or other industrial plant). Cold water can be fresh water. The OTEC system and the components described here can be used for the production of electrical energy or in other fields of its use, which include: the desalination of salt water: the purification of water; the recovery of deep waters; aquaculture; the production of biomass or biofuels; and still other industries.
[00201] All references mentioned here are incorporated by reference in their entirety.
[00202] Other modalities are within the scope of the following claims.

权利要求:
Claims (22)
[0001]
1. Method for connecting vertical cold water piping submerged to a floating structure, characterized by the fact that it comprises: connecting the lifting and retaining cables (1777) to an upper part (1651 A) of the cold water pipe ( 1651), in which the upper part (1651 A) of the cold water pipe (1651) comprises an iguania collar (1775) that has a conical connection surface; attracting the cold water pipe (1651) to a receiving compartment pipe (1713) using the watering and retaining cables (1777), where the pipe receiving compartment (1713) comprises a conical surface (1714) for receiving the upper part (1651 A) of the cold water pipe (1651) and a contact pad (1715); make the conical connection surface of the cold water pipe (1651) contact in a sealed manner with the contact pad (1715) of the pipe receiving compartment (1713) ); mechanically fix the bonding cables (1777) to maintain contact in a sealed manner between the connecting surface and the contact pad (1715).
[0002]
2. Method, according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that the cold water pipe (1651) also comprises, a first longitudinal part, a second longitudinal part and a third longitudinal part, in which the first longitudinal part and the upper part (1651 A) of the cold water pipe (1651).
[0003]
3. Method, according to claim 2, characterized by the fact that mechanically fixing the connecting cables (1777) to maintain contact in a sealed way between the connection surface and the contact pad (1715) comprises mechanically fixing the first longitudinal part of the cold water pipe (1651) in the floating structure through the pipe receiving compartment (1713).
[0004]
4. Method according to claim 3, characterized by the fact that it still comprises pumping water through the cold water pipe (1651) using a floating structure pump.
[0005]
Method according to claim 2, characterized in that the walls of the first longitudinal part of the cold water pipe (1651) are thicker than the walls of the second longitudinal part of the cold water pipe (1651).
[0006]
6. Method, according to claim 2, characterized by the fact that the third longitudinal part of the cold water pipe (1651) is longer than the second longitudinal part of the cold water pipe (1651).
[0007]
7. Method, according to claim 6, characterized by the fact that a weight or ballast system is attached to the third longitudinal part of the cold water pipe (1651).
[0008]
8. Method, according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that the cold water pipe (1651) has a smaller diameter than the receiving compartment (1713).
[0009]
9. Method, according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that the sealed contact forms a watertight seal.
[0010]
10. Method, according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that the cold water pipe (1651) and a pipe remains in a stave.
[0011]
11. Method, according to claim 10, characterized by the fact that it is a cold water pipe (1651) and a pipe remains in a displaced stave.
[0012]
12. Method according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that the conical connection surface of the cold water pipe (1651) is in contact in a sealed way with the contact pad (1715) of the reception compartment piping (1713) comprises connecting a flat side wall of the piping receiving compartment (1713) with a flat surface of the cold water piping (1651).
[0013]
Method according to claim 12, characterized in that a first longitudinal part of the cold water pipe (1651) comprises the corresponding flat surface of the cold water pipe (1651).
[0014]
14. Power generation structure on the high seas, characterized by the fact that it comprises a submerged part, the submerged part that additionally comprises: a part of four stage evaporator (521, 522, 523, 524) integral with a water conduit each stage (521, 522, 523, 524) of the evaporator part being connected in series with a first stage evaporator (714), a second stage evaporator (715), a third stage evaporator (716) and a fourth stage evaporator (717) arranged so that hot water leaves the first stage evaporator (714) and flows down to the second stage evaporator (715), leaves the second stage evaporator (715) and flows down to the third stage evaporator (716), and exit the third stage evaporator (716) and flow down to the fourth stage evaporator (717); a four stage condenser part (531, 532, 533, 534) integral with a cold water conduit, each stage (531, 532, 533, 5 34) of the capacitor part being connected in series with a first stage capacitor (724), a second stage capacitor (725), a third stage capacitor (726) and a fourth stage capacitor (727) arranged so that cold seawater exits the first stage condenser (724) and flows upwards to the second stage condenser (725), exits the second stage condensers (725) and flows upwards to the third stage condensers (726), and exit the third stage condenser (726) and flow upwards to the fourth stage condenser (727); each stage (521, 522, 523, 524) of the evaporator part being connected to a stage (531, 532, 533 , 534) corresponding to the condenser part through a working fluid conduit, each working fluid conduit operating independently with: a first working fluid flowing between the first stage evaporator (714), a first turbine (731 ) and the fourth stage condenser (727 ), a second working fluid flowing between the second stage evaporator (715), a second turbine (732) and the third stage condenser (726); a third working fluid flowing between the third stage evaporator (716), a third turbine (733) and a second stage condenser (725); a fourth working fluid flowing between the fourth stage evaporator (717), a fourth turbine (734) and the first stage condenser (724); power generation in which the first turbine (731) and the fourth turbine (734) cooperatively drive a first generator, and the second turbine (732) and the third turbine (733) cooperatively drive a second generator (762 ); a cold water pipe connection (375); a cold water pipe (217, 351).
[0015]
15. Power generation structure on the high seas, according to claim 14, characterized by the fact that the hot water conduit comprises: a first heat exchange surface in stages, a second heat exchange surface in stages, a third stage of heat exchange in stages, and a fourth surface of heat exchange in stages in cooperation with the first, second, third and fourth working fluids, in which it works heated to a steam in each of the first, second, third and fourth heat exchange surfaces in stages.
[0016]
16. Power generation structure on the high seas, according to claim 14, characterized by the fact that the hot water conduit comprises a structural member of a submerged part.
[0017]
17. Power generation structure on the high seas, according to claim 14, characterized by the fact that the four stage evaporator part is included in a first deck part, the four stage condenser part is included in a second deck part; a third part of the deck that houses the first, second, third and fourth turbines (731, 732, 733, 734).
[0018]
18. Power generation structure on the high seas, according to claim 14, characterized by the fact that the first stage evaporator (714), the second stage evaporator (715), the third stage evaporator (716) and the fourth stage evaporator (717) is vertically aligned in series.
[0019]
19. Power generation structure on the high seas, according to claim 18, characterized by the fact that the first stage capacitor (724), the second stage capacitor (725), the third stage capacitor (726) and the fourth stage condenser (727) is vertically aligned in series.
[0020]
20. Power generation structure on the high seas, according to claim 14, characterized by the fact that hot water flows through the multi-stage evaporator system in the same direction as the natural cooling hot water convection.
[0021]
21. Power generation structure on the high seas, according to claim 14, characterized by the fact that cold water flows through the multi-stage condenser system in the same direction as the natural convention of cold heating water.
[0022]
22. Power generation structure on the high seas, according to claim 14, characterized by the fact that the first turbine (731), the second turbine (732), the third turbine (733) and the fourth turbine (734) they have performance specifications identical to that of a first turbine (731).

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HK1180378A1|2013-10-18|

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KR20130009951A|2013-01-24|

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CN102844566B|2015-12-02|

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KR20190002761A|2019-01-08|

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JP6317881B2|2018-04-25|

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WO2011091295A2|2011-07-28|

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CN102844566A|2012-12-26|

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US10844848B2|2020-11-24|

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EP2526296A4|2018-01-10|

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JP2018084238A|2018-05-31|

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KR102176303B1|2020-11-09|

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KR20190137175A|2019-12-10|

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US20210231110A1|2021-07-29|

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KR101936276B1|2019-01-08|

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KR101878389B1|2018-07-16|

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US20180187658A1|2018-07-05|

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WO2011091295A3|2012-01-05|

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KR102052726B1|2019-12-06|

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EP2526296A2|2012-11-28|

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JP2013518205A|2013-05-20|

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法律状态:
2019-01-08| B06F| Objections, documents and/or translations needed after an examination request according [chapter 6.6 patent gazette]|

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2019-10-22| B06U| Preliminary requirement: requests with searches performed by other patent offices: procedure suspended [chapter 6.21 patent gazette]|

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2020-09-01| B09A| Decision: intention to grant [chapter 9.1 patent gazette]|

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2020-11-24| B16A| Patent or certificate of addition of invention granted [chapter 16.1 patent gazette]|Free format text: PRAZO DE VALIDADE: 20 (VINTE) ANOS CONTADOS A PARTIR DE 21/01/2011, OBSERVADAS AS CONDICOES LEGAIS. |

优先权:

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申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题

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US29724210P| true| 2010-01-21|2010-01-21|

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US12/691,663|US8899043B2|2010-01-21|2010-01-21|Ocean thermal energy conversion plant|

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US12/691,663|2010-01-21|

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US12/691,655|2010-01-21|

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US61/297,242|2010-01-21|

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US12/691,655|US9086057B2|2010-01-21|2010-01-21|Ocean thermal energy conversion cold water pipe|

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PCT/US2011/022115|WO2011091295A2|2010-01-21|2011-01-21|Ocean thermal energy conversion power plant|

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